



PRESENTED BY 






Prehistoric Man 

AND . 

EVOLUTION 

IN 

The School Books 

(Also Remarks on the Fundamentalists) 


*-vV 












/ 





IN RELATION TO 


EVOLUTION 

i 

AND 

EARLY CONDITION OF MA*j[ Q 


INCLUDING 

ESSAYS ON THE GLACIAL PERIOD 

AND 

PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 



n 


• * a 


LAB I MORE, N. D. 
PRINTED BY H. V. ARNOLD 



Q ^ 

P 


PUBLISHER'S BOOKUST NO- 26. 
PRINTED FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION 


This work was not printed in any office but in a small hoife# 
instead by means of a limited private outfit. Of our more 
than two dozen pamphlets issued since 1902, two of 
them only have had any religious bearing. 

Few titles now available. 



ir. 

, H "3,S~ 




Lx has become apparent in the last fevr years that a certain 
Teligious cult commonly called Fundamentalists ar« attracting 
public attention through the me4ium of monthly and weekly 
publications and the daily press, the latter in the way of the 
dissemination of news. Largely they are scattered through 
the Evangelical denominations, particularly the Methodist 
church, North and South, and under the name of Laymens 
Holiness Association, they sometimes have mission churches 
of their own. They have their publications and in summer 
conduct camp-meeting services in tents. Their purpose Is 
to endeavor to restore the Orthodox views of Wesley’s time, 
regardless of the changes of opinion in Theology wrought by 
the advancement of knowledge. This brings the Fundament¬ 
alists into antagonism with modern science and modern ways 
yf viewiag the Bible, and with their Bible literalism, they art 
developing a tendency to influence state legislatures to pass 
laws prohibiting the teaching of the hypothesis of Evolution 
in schools supported by public taxation, and, of late, even to 
endeavor to interfere with the freedom of teaching m a state 
university which met with a prompt turning down. Hitherto, 
•it has been the theological schools in which modern views per¬ 
taining to the Bible are taught, that have been assailed. 

The bearing of thi3 booklet h rniinly in relation to mattere 
cited above. We have given many excerpts from the books 
sued in the public schools to which the Fundamentalists for 
.the most part, at present, merely object; but by and by they 
•are apt to raise a clamor over the matter as in the case of the 
theological colleges. They have now reached a stage where, 
^as shown occasionally by newspaperjreports, they are beginning 
30 show signs of becoming aggressive. 

July ii, 1923. 


INDEX 

SECTION I. 

0OSOB3NING THE GL10IAL PERIOD 5—20 

SECTION II. 

4>£YSLOFMK*T OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 21—50 

SECTION III. 

Excerpts from the School Books 51—85 

Relative to Prehistoric Man, 51.—la Relatioe to 
Evolution, 65.—On Early Jewish History, 73 - 
Christ and Christianity, 83. 

SECTION IV. 

Extracts, Notes and Comments 86—124 

Concerning the Fundamentalists, 86.—Evolu* 
tion and the Higher Criticism, 92.—The Science 
of the Fundamentalists, 106. —Miscellaneous Ex- 

r : f! 

eerpts, 118. 


The School Books 

IN RELATION TO 

Prehistoric Man 

AND 

EVOLUTION 


CONCERNING THE GLACIAL PERIOD 

X NASMUCH as the subject of prehistoric man as now 
reflected in the text-books used in the public schools 
(particularly the high schools), is directly connected 
with the Glacial Period, in especial its later epochs, a 
sketch of that topic may not be out of place in order to 
convey a proper understanding of matters. The epoch 
which precedes the Recent, was called by Sir Charles 
Lyell the Post-Pliocene or Pleistocene. The French 
geologists spoke of the same period as the Quaternary 
which passed into common use both by English and 
American writers. The point to be observed here ie 
that all three terms mentioned mean one and the samo 
geological epoch, their usage being merely a matter of 
preference. 

The last great age of the world the geologists called 
the Tertiary, or third great division of world time rep¬ 
resented by sedimentary rocks and relics of organic life 
on the globe. This age Lyell divided into Eocenay 



THE 8CHG0L BOOXft AN& EWJLUTT05 


5 


Miocene and Pliocene periods, his classification being 1 
based upon the ratio of living compared with extinct 
specie9 of shell-fish. Geology as a science began strug 
into existence in Great Britain in the interval between 
the beginning of the American Revolution and the year 
1800. In that interval the British geologists of note 
who wrote in the first sixty and more years of the next 
century, were born. In 1*807 the London Geological 
Society was founded, whose aim was to have less of 
speculation and disputation and more in the way of 
searching after and accumulating facts. 

The early geologises were busy in studying the rock 
strata, ascertaining their nature, their characteristic 
fossils, their extension in any direction and their order 
of superposition. To the “superficial deposits,” or, 
what the school books call “mantle rock,” that is, beds 
of clay, sand, gravel, topsoil, etc., they paid but little 
attention; in fact, some of the geologists regarded the 
surface deposits covering the bedrocks as an obstacle 
to tbeir investigations. The stratified beds of sand and 
gravel* and; the transported bowlders, the latter often 
found to be foreign to the nature of the bedrocks beneath 
them, could not long escape some attention, but for the 
time being, geologists contented themselves with the¬ 
ories of floods, submergence of the land below sea level, 
and floating icebergs. It was finally ascertained that 
the bowlders had been transported from outcrops of 
rocks or ledges, lying to the northward of the localities 
where they were observed, and so the mixture of clay, 
sand, gravel, pebbles and bowlders, came to be termed 
the “northern drift,” but there was no agreement, 
among the geologists in regard to its aaodcj of forma¬ 
tion. 



CONCERNING THE GJJMDl&J, PERIOD 


7 


Stratified beds of clay* sand and water-assorted 
gravel showed that whatever agencies might have been 
in operation, they necessarily had been long continued. 
Besides, the existing species of animals was found not 
to belong to the late Tertiary or Pliocene; hence the 
geologists differentiated anothergeological epoch which, 
as we have already stated, Lyeil called Post-Pliocene or 
Pleistocene and others the Quaternary, which last term 
means a fourth epoch added to Lyell’s original three¬ 
fold division of the Tertiary Age. It, was also ascer¬ 
tained that at least during a part of the Quaternary 
Age a colder climate had prevailed in the northern, 
hemisphere than exists now in the same latitudes. 
This was shown by the fact that the remains of shell¬ 
fish, now found only in northern seas, had once inhabit* 
ed coasts many degrees of latitude farther south and in 
Scotland occurred embedded in the superficial deposits* 
but never far inland nor more than a few hundred feet 
above sea level. 

In the absence of any great array of scientific data 
at that period—the decades of the twenties, thirties and 
forties—the theologians and church people generally, 
attributed the observed appearances to the Noachian 
deluge, but among geologists, most of whom knew that 
the uncritical popular view could not be scientifically 
sustained, there arose two conflicting theories called 
respectively, the Iceberg theory and the Glacial theory. 
The first of these theories postulated a deep submer¬ 
gence of much of the land surface of the northern, 
hemisphere, with floating icebergs. The climate, it 
was held, had given place to one of Arctic cold in the. 
more northern countries so that all lands remaining 
Sfbove the ocean level nourished glaciers end glacl^:.* 




THE SCHOOL BOOKS AND F.VOLUTK5H 


are the parents of icebergs. The glaciers, it was held,, 
wore and tore away a vast amount of rocky debris*, 
which being incorporated in* the ice, was borne south¬ 
ward over the submerged lands and dropped to the* 
bottom as the icebergs melted*. The scratching and 
scoring oi the bedrock was accounted for by supposing; 
that while the land was sinking or rising icebergs had, 
grated over it. The stratification of water-assorted 
drift was readily accounted for by the action of wayes: 
and currents while the laud* was rising. 

This was a very plausible theory. Icebergs had been 
observed by whalers in northern seas bearing away 
many tons of earth and fragments of rocks, and so the* 
geologists quite generally accepted the Iceberg theory 
to an extent that with some of them amounted to a sort 
of obession. As time passed on it was found that there 
were loose serews in the theory. While most of the?, 
phenomena of drift could be accounted for by the Ice¬ 
berg theory, still, there were other facts that refused to 
accommodate themselves to that theory. Such were 
old soil horizons and compacted beds of peat and even 
trunks of trees familiar to farmers in the middle west¬ 
ern states found in digging wells, intercalated between 
beds of bowlder clay, and now recognized as having been 
of interglacial origin. These vegetal deposits had oc¬ 
cupied hollows in a driftsheet and having been frozen 
solid when the ice of a succeeding glacial epoch crept 
upon them, had been overridden and buried ^beneath 
its ground moraine. 

The Glacial theory was born in Switzerland. In 1821 
Venetz, a Swiss engineer, maintained that the glaciers 
of the Alp* once had a greater extension than in mod¬ 
ern times and in 1836 Ohargentien advocated the view 




COffCXaSlNO THE GLACIAL PERIOD 


S» 


i iat the Alpine glaciers had cnceextended to the Jura. 
In 1840 Louis Agassiz published a work on glaciers 
and advocated the view that an icesheet explained the 
ground moraine or bowlder clay, containing striated 
stoneg, and especially the transported rocks. Later 
he visited Scotland and observed many evidences of ice 
action in that country. In 1846 he took up his reai- 
dsDce in the United States. 

Although the Glacial theory was launched upon the 
scientific world in 1840, the majority of the geologists 
rejected it and clung to the Iceberg theory. With the 
passing of whole decades of years, it was hut slowly 
that any of them were willing to acquiess in the theory 
either wholly or in part. To them the conception of 
continental icesheets in order to account for observed 
appearances,seemed very improbable. In the northern 
states where geological surveys were in progress, con¬ 
siderable data began to be accumulated, but for the time 
being this led to no definite results. The text-books en 
Geology used in the higher institutions of learning, 
continued to teach the Iceberg theory with the Glacial 
theory as an alternative hypothesis. Alex. Winehell 
published a book in 1870 called “Sketches of Creation” 
which has a chapter headed “The Reisrn of Ice.” The 
author allowed that the northern half of this continent 
had once been glacier-covered but at the close of this 
Ice age he postulated a submergence of the land by the 
ocean which we know now did not take place. In 1873 
Sir J. W. Dawson, of Montreal, published a book called 
“The Story of the Earth and Man” in which he assailed 
the doctrine of Evolution and clung to the Iceberg 
theory and did the ssrae in 1887 when another .edition 

of his book was issued. 

' * 




10 


THE SCHOOL BOOX8 AND EVOLUTION 


In 1874 James Geikie, a Scotch geologist, published 
a work called “The Great Ice Age, and its Relation to 
the Antiquity of Man.*' In this work a considerable 
advance was made beyond previous conceptions. The 
author held the view that there had ensued during the 
Pleistocene more than one Ice epoch, each alternating 
with warm and genial interglacial intervals, and each 
epoch of long duration. How many times these cold 
and warm intervals had occurred, he was not prepared 
to hasard any statement. There was a puzzling feature 
connected with glacial investigations for which geolo* 
gists could give no satisfactory explanation. This was 
the commingling in the same deposits of bones of the 
mammoth, reindeer, etc., with southern species, such 
as the hippopotamus and hyena. Theories of annua! 
migrations, back and forth, were prevalent, but Geikm 
maintained that northern and southern species had 
never contemporaneously occupied the same regions 
during the same climatic epochs. He also maintained 
that Paleolithic man had been interglacial and that 
‘this race and the great extinct mammalia had vaiiahed 
from Europe together. The Glacial period having been 
quite generally held to have been a unity, that is, one 
period of ice and cold only, it was thought that Man 
must necessarily have been post-glacial. 

It was yet too early for Geikie to avoid making some 
mistakes. Altho he maintained the covering of north* 
ern countries by glacial icesheets, like Winchell he 
postulated a deep submergence of the land at£the close 
of each ice epoch, and thought that in Great Britain 
north of the Thames this depression had amounted to 
1100 and even 2000 feet. In later years these submer~ 
gence views were abandoned by all geologists bectn&a 




OONCEMfJKa THE 0L4CTAL FIBKJD 


u 


iho data relied upon, it was found, could ba more nat* 
»>;rally explained in other ways. 

Again, in regard to the hummocky mounds of sand, 
gravel aad pebbles called kames, and the long sym¬ 
metrical ridges composed of the same materials, Geikie 
conceived, as Dawson had done, that in some way or 
other they had been heaped up by the sea while the 
land was rising out of the water from its supposed de¬ 
pression. But he was not satisfied with that theory. 
He stated that altho inclined to accept the marine 
theory, at the same time it was difficult to see how they 
could have been formed by any action of the sea and 
added, “the whole secret has not yet been discovered.” 
Geikie’s work stimulated a closer investigation of the 
phenomena of the drift. It was ascertained in later 
years that the eskers represent subglacial drainage in 
ice tunnels and open riits of an icesheet when it was 
waning and had become stagnant over areas of country 
in which the kames and eskers are found. 

In the seventies the northern states geologists began 
to make more progress. Prof. Newberry, of Ohio, said: 
“Although the last formed of all the geological series, 
and for this reason presenting the fullest and freshest 
record, the deposits of the Quaternary age have been 
the most difficult of all to decipher. The significance 
of facts observed in one locality becomes apparent only 
by comparing them with those seen in other and distant 
places; and it is by this proaess alone that any intelli¬ 
gent idea has been gained of the remarkable aeries of 
events which took place in the Quaternary/’ And he 
added: “The track of a glacier is as unmistakable as 
that of a man or a bear, end is as signlfiicant and trust¬ 
worthy as any other legible inscription” 




THE SCHOOL 80058 AND EVOLUTION 


in 1879 Congrees aaihomed the United States Ufo¬ 
logical Survey. With a director and trained corps of 
specialists, a better rate of progress now became possi¬ 
ble and with a '‘Glacial Divieion,” the glacial boundary 
iu the United States was surveyed and mapped. It 
further became possible to ascertain the number of 
glaciations with their intervening interglacial epochs 
that the continent had experienced, also the principal 
characteristics of each glacial episode. It took years 
of investigation to ascertain facts of this kind. 

In 1889 Prof. G. Frederick Wright, who had assisted 
in the survey of the Glacial boundary, published a book 
entitled “The Ice Ago in North America and its Bear¬ 
ing on the Antiquity of Man,” its sub-title having 
reference to the antiquity of man in America. The 
succession of glacial episodes had, «s yet, only begun to 
be worked out, but the majority of geologists neverthe¬ 
less thought that the evidences in hand indicated at 
least two glacial epochs. But Prof. Wright rejected 
Shat view and sought to explain all the phenomena cf 
glaciation from the stand point of one ice age only. 
And thereby he committed his book to a serious error. 
But he did good service in helping to dissipate whst 
still remained of the Iceberg theory. 

About ail of the subsidence of the land below sea 
level, in connection with the Glacial period, which 
Prof. Wright was willing to allow were such instances 
as these: Southern Maine, 200 feet; Gulf of St. Law¬ 
rence, 370 to 470 feet; Montreal, 520 feet; Montagu# 
township, Lanark county, Ontario, where the skeleton 
of a whale was found, 440 feet; Lake Champlain border 
where another whale’s skeleton was discovered, 150 feet, 
and 1000 or more feet in the Arctic ragiqos, ajeo tome 



CONCERNING THE GLACIAL PERIOD 


13 


subsidence of the Atlantic coastal plain and even the> 
Gulf coast region. 

Now during all the years covered by the Glacial and 
Iceberg controversy, the key that would have effectual- 
iy settled matters lay right at hand and easy of access. 
This wa9 a careful study of a oertain part of the glacial 
boundary. In the middle west the boundary at its 
most southern limits is not marked by any definite 
moraine, the drift there thinning out in an attenuated 
border. In northeastern Pennsylvania the boundary 
is marked by a moraine on the table lands which have 
an altitude of 2000 or more feet above sea level, but foe 
two or three miles in front of the terminal moraine 
there occurs an attenuated drift. This “fringe" puz» 
zled Prof. Wright obesaed by his theory of a single Ice 
age only. The explanation is that this attenuated 
fringe is the eroded border of an older drlftsheet than 
that to which the terminal moraine back of it belongs. 

The mountain ridges of that region, with deep valleys 
between them, extend nearly north and south, yet the 
drift margin follows a nearly direct course from the 
Delaware river west by north around Salamanca, N. Y., 
where it turns southwesterly toward Cincinnati, its 
trend in Pennsylvania scarcely being influenced by the 
rugged topography of that region, mounting over table¬ 
lands and descending into and crossing valleys. Now 
if any of the geologists had visited this particular re¬ 
gion for the purpose of examining it with the conflict¬ 
ing Iceberg and Glacier theories in mind, it would have 
become apparent that while the bounbary might well 
be a glacial margin it could not be any marine limit to 
which icebergs bad floated and abruptly ceased drop¬ 
ping glacial debris. Nor would the. morqinp have 




THH fiOS^OL BOOK! AJ5T& EVOLUTION 


i4 


suggestive of icebergs. There was nothing to prevent 
marine currents which had supposedly floated iceberg* 
thus far south, bearing them much farther, especially 
along the course of the valleys. 

En the meantime the European geologists were mak¬ 
ing remarkable progress along glacial lines. In 1894 
Prof. Geikie published in London a third edition of 
his book, largely rewritten and increased in size, com¬ 
prising 850 pages. Any one who had not seen either 
of the former editions would hardly suspect that the 
author had ever maintained Lyell’s submergence views, 
so thoroughly is that topic ignored in the third edition. 
In regard to American glacial geology, two chapters on 
that subject were written for the author by T. C. Cham¬ 
berlin, head of the Glacial Division of the U. 8. Geo¬ 
logical Survey# Prof. Geikie could now state how 
many glacial epochs Scotland had experienced, the 
number being six, though it should be stated that the 
last two were merely recrudescenses of glacial cold 
which in the north of that country formed low level 
and lastly, high level glaciers and their moraines in 
the mountain valleys. Geikie was also enabled to 
present beautiful colored maps of the areas covered and 
the boundaries of the Second, Third and Fourth of the 
European iceaheeta. The icesheet of the Second Gla¬ 
cial epoch was the most extensive and obliterated the 
boundaries of the First Glacial epodh. Contempora¬ 
neously, Switzerland had its own icesheetsnotcenflnent 
with any of the others. 

The members of the Glacial Division of the U. S. 
Geological Survey found that they had a number of 
glacial problems to work out. As important as any of 
them was the question in regard to the number of gift-* 



' ■eoircsffsisa th*. glajiai. pinroo 


15 


■rial epochs the North American continent witnessed. 
Again, what was the cause of the exemption from gla¬ 
ciation of the great driftless area of the upper Mississ¬ 
ippi river? This area comprises about 10,000 square 
miles (about the same siae as Vermont) and evidently 
once existed as an island, so to speak, in a sea of ice. 
' it lies mainly in southwest Wisconsin but includes the 
adjacent corner parts of Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota. 
The glacial ice currents passed all around it, and coal¬ 
esced at its southern apex in the vicinity of Savanna, 
fill, and moved onward some 300 miles farther south. 

Three theories were formerly current concerning fchb 
remarkable exemption from glaciation and consequent 
absence of the bowlder drift. Prof. Whitney, who 
examined the area in the fifties, thought that it had 
formed an island during the presumed submergence of 
the continent. Dana thought it to have been a region 
of light precipitation of moisture. N. H. Winchell, 
state geologist of Minnesota, suggested that the glacial 
icesheet bad split asunder on Keweenaw point, Lake 
Superior, and so passed on two sides of the driftless 
area until the land slopes brought it together agate 
below Savanna. None of these theories furnished the 
correct explanation of the matter. That of Winchel! 
was found to be negatived when the limit* of the area 
came to be mapped, by two considerations. First, the 
northern end of the area Is mainly nearly east and 
west line of over one hundred miles in length; in 
the seoond place, this line of demarkation is upward 
of 150 miles south ef Keweenaw point. The theory of 
Prof. Whitney implied that the altitude of the driftleaa 
area is higher than the country around it; on tha 
contrary, the altitude of much of it ia lower. 





TZ4& KGfltSBL BOdX& AJ® KTOLUXIOIT 


tf) 


As the study of the phenomena of the Ice age ad¬ 
vanced it was found that the basins of the Great Lakes 
had an influence in directing the flow of currents in 
the Icesheet. The Lake Michigan basin directed a 
flow southward with some outward expansion westerly, 
while a Green Bay current was directed southwest and 
coalesced with the other. Not being reinforced by 
any strong ice current coming from the direction of 
Lake Superior, this Green Bay current flowed along the 
eastern side of the driftless area toward the southwest 
without having the expansive power to invade the tract. 

At the north, and this was the principal cans* of the 
driftless area, the basin of Lake Superior deflected a 
streng current southwest into Minnesota, where it 
merged with another from the Canadian north, both 
flowing down the central depression of Minnesota into 
Iowa. The icesheets had expansive forces that fanned 
out to one side or the other, but in Minnesota this 
expansive force did not act only to carry the margin of 
the ice field to about thirty miles west of the Mississippi 
river. In northwestern Illinois the course of the 
streams is southwest and in northeastern Iowa south¬ 
east to the Mississippi, Following the direction oi 
these two slopes the divided icesheet again became 
confluent at the southern apex of the driftless area. 

In regard to the northern boundary of the driftless 
area, here, if anywhere around its border, the glacial 
ice currents would have been most apt to have invaded 
and overwhelmed it. For over a hundred miles that 
portion of the margin runs nearly at right angles with 
what was the general direction of the movement of the 
North American icesheet. As influenced by the basin 
of Lake Snperior, the lower portion of tiie w&4 



COHCEHNINO THE OLIOIAL PERIOD 


17 


deflected into Minnesota; the less vigorous upper por* 
tion continued in the line of normal movement toward 
the couth. To the south of Lake Superior the weaken¬ 
ed ice flow had a range of highlands to surmount which 
still further slackened its southerly movement; ittbere- 
fore sluggishly crept down to where the northern limit 
of the area is, its margin melting away under the in? 
fluence of southerly winds warmed in Rummer owing to 
passing over what for part of each year was an exten¬ 
sive tract free from snow and ice. 

The Mississippi river bisects the driftless area near 
its western side, flowing in a valley one to four miles 
wide, from 200 to 500 feet in depth. The highest bluffs 
are near La Crescent, Minn., and both above and 
below that point their height trends to lower altitudes. 
The valleys whose streams come from outside of the 
area are lined with gravels aud archcean pebbles, but 
those which head and run their courses within the 
area are destitute of foreign materials. The driftlees 
area retains what was essentially its preglacial aspect, 
the parts of it near the Mississippi river on either side 
being intersected by deep valleys and their branching 
ravines. The area is mainly surrounded by an older 
driftsheet formed during the 8econd and Third Glaeial 
epochs. However, about eighty miles of the eastern 
boundary is marked by the Kettle moraine and drift- 
sheet of the Fourth glacial stage. It has been thought 
that twice during the Pleistocene the ice closed around 
the driftless area and during a part of each of these 
stages the area was submerged by a freshwater lake. 

The visible phenomena of the several ancient glacia¬ 
tions is quite varied and consists of the bowlder clay 
sheets which form their most prominent features; the 



THE SCHOOL BOOKS AND EVOLUTION 


IS 


6 lie loess loam, drumlins, tames and esters, river 
gravel trains, sand plains, buried forest and peat beds, 
moraines, glacial lake beacbesi water falls, the glacial 
filling of valleys, lake and fiord basins, pahas, rock pla- 
nation and scoring, transportation of bowlders, glacial 
drainage, ete. To a greater or less extent these facts 
are treated in such a work as Wright's “Ice Age in 
North America,” also in college and university text 
books, and even in some used in the public schools. 

We shall next present the glacial succession both for 
America and Europe with some remarks in regard I* 
the glacial stages upon each continent, beginning with 
the glaciations in North America. 

First Qlacia) epoch; Nebraskan glaciation. 

First interglacial stage; Aftontan deglaciation. 

Second Glacial epoch; Kansan glaciation. 

Second interglacial stage; Yarmouth deglaciation. 

Third Glacial epoch; Illinoian glaciation. 

Third interglacial stage; Sangamon deglaclaticn. 

Fourth Glacial epoch; Wisconsin glaciation. 

Peoriasi deglaciation. 

This last stage was followed by another advance of 
the ice, perhaps a sub-stage of the Fourth glaciation, 
and which is called the Late Wisconsin stage of the 
Glacial period. Its moraine reached nearly to that of 
the preceding glacial epoch, sometimes coalesced with 
it and even overrode portions of it, producing the phe¬ 
nomena of interlacing moraines. Between central Iowa 
to which point a great lobe of the Wisconsin icesheet 
reached, and Lake Winnipeg, as many as a dozen lines 
of morainic hills have been traced oat. These are 
regarded as moraines of the retreat or recession pf the 



COli'CXStSlKQ THS GHOUL PERIOD 


19 


the Wisconsin icesheet, or Fourth Glacial epoch, and 
represent baits and long pauses made during the north¬ 
ward retreat of the margin of its ice held. These 
moraines are divisible into groups, probably corres¬ 
ponding with the “postglacial” Buhl, Gesnitz and l)aun 
glacial recrndesoenses of certain mountain ranges of 
Europe. 

Neither in Europe nor America can the limits of 
the drift of the First Glacial epoch be mapped out for 
these were generally obliterated by the greater icesheet 
of the Second epoch. After this last the succeeding 
Jcesheets advanced less farther south so that the drifts 
are imposed upon one another like shingles on a roof. 
The second interglacial stage is accounted to have been 
the longest of all, having bad a duration, some geologists 
have thought, of 50,000 years. The earlier glacial 
epochs were not conspicuous in regard to the moraine 
building habit; yet this was characteristic of the Wis¬ 
consin stage of glaciation to a very marked degree. 

Maps showing the glaoiaciated areas of America and 
Europe may be found in some of the school books, par¬ 
ticularly the physical geographies. Through most of 
the last centnry the great majority of the pupils of the 
common schools never heard of a glacial period, but it 
is different now. Next in regard to the glacial success 
sion in Europe. 

First Glacial epoch; the Gunz stage of Penck. 

First interglacial epoch. 

Second Glacial epoch; Mindelinn, Penck, 

Second interglacial epoch. 

Third Glacial epoch; Rissian, P 
Third interglacial epoch. 

Fourth Glacial epoch; Wurmian, P. 



THE’ BCHU'JL BOOJCB AND EVOLUTION 


ft) 


Postglacial recrudescenses effecting the Alps, the 
Scandinavian mountains, and Grampians in the north 
of Scotland.—Buhl stage; low level valley glaciers in 
Scotland.—Gesnitx stage; high level valley glaciers in 
Scotland.—Daun stage; the Alps and tops of the Scan¬ 
dinavian mountains. 

As in North America, the Second Glacial epoch had 
the greatest extension southward. It buried all of 
Scotland, Ireland and Wales, but in England it only 
about reached to the valley of the Thames. Its chief 
gathering ground was the Scandinavian mountains, 
and from there its icesheet filled the basin of tbe Baltio 
sea and advanced to the southern part of Germany. 
France was never invaded by any icesheet except lo¬ 
cally by the overflow of the independent Swiss icesheet. 
The Pyrenees, the Vosges and mountains of central 
France sent down glaciers to the lowlands below. 

Asia was never glaciated except in connection with 
mountain ranges and this also applies to Alaska. The 
Fourth Glacial epoch in Europe is thought to have 
closed some 25,000 years ago, after which postglaccial 
time ensued. The three postglacial advances of the 
Alpine and other mountain glaciers, would have fallen 
within the earlier part of this stretch of years just 
mentioned. Geologists have dfffered widely in regard 
to the duration of the whole Pleistocene, from moder¬ 
ate to extreme estimates. We append some of these 
calculations: Upham, 100,000; Kutot, 139,000; Wal¬ 
cott, ^00,000; Penck, 520,000, and Geikie, 620,000 years. 




DEVELOPMENT OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 



RIOR to the close of the Civil war the popular 1 


-** in this country scarcely knew anything in regard 
masse^to what is now termed Prehistoric Archeology* 
especially in relation to the European continent. The> 
masses of the people in this country in the period re¬ 
ferred to only had a common school education and in* 
general were left just where they were when through 
with such education as they had been able to obtain in 
the common schools of that day. The school books 
they used gave no hint of prehistoric man, And not 
even any admissions until after the close of our Civil 
war that the earth itself was more than six thousand- 
years old, since it was not so very long ago at that time 
that this topic had been made the subject of a bitterly 
waged religious controversy, especially in Great Brit¬ 
ain and Ireland, more than the echoes of which reached 
this country. The common school readers of that day 
were rather barren of matters of scientific import. Of 
course the people were familiar with the Indian stone* 
implements and arrow-heads that were still occasionally 
found even in the older states; but the fact that stone 
implements also occurred in Europe was not a matter 
of popular knowledge in this country until some years 
subsequent to the war. Back in the fifties it was still* 
the popular belief that the white race were the first to 
enter Europe and the impression was prevalent that 
these first comers into that continent wore already 
acquainted with the use of bronse and iron. 


22 


THIS SCHOOL 3000 AND E VO LOTION 


Thus far reference is had to the common people of 
this country, exclusive of the comparatively educated 
few. In tbe colleges, seminaries and academies a 
higher order ©f education of course prevailed than the 
common schools afforded. The curriculum of the nu¬ 
merous academies of those times was of much of the 
same order as our modern high schools. Favored sons 
and daughters of the middle class of the people, when, 
through with the common school, were next apt to take 
a course in an academy. In those institutions as in the 
colleges (there were no universities so called in this, 
country, not even Yale or Harvard) Geology was one 
of the studies taught even while the controversy men¬ 
tioned was at its height. These institutions held those 
assailants of the new science in contempt and usually 
deigned no replies. Tbe “Elementary Geology” of 
President Hitchcock of Amherst, first published in* 
1840, was widely used until supplanted by Dana’s Man-, 
ual in 1862, Hitchcock speaks of bone caves in the 
different editions of his work, but does not mentions, 
implements as accompanying the remains'of Man. In. 
regard to the existence of the bones of extinct animals 
in the same cave deposits containing those of Man, he 
sought to explain the facts away by the long-ago ex 
ploded “sepulture” argument. 

We do not know just when a great antiquity for: 
Man began to be taught in the college and university 
text-books but tbe matter was upheld in Dana’s Man¬ 
ual of Geology in the later seventies of the last century., 
Dana admitted twoglacfal epochs and maintained tha^ 
m Europe Man had witnessed the last of these glacial 
stages. In the nineties the antiquity of Man hvt 
Already begun to creep into the schpol book© ar 3 ir 



UEYflLOPM'SNT OP PBBHI8TORI0 ABCHBOLOQT 28< 


view of this fact it may be of interest to. trace the de¬ 
velopment of the science of prehistoric remains. 

Whenever some new theory forces its way into public* 
notice or presents ftself for discussion, it has commonly 
been fouud that it has been based upon facts more or* 
less apparent all along or foreshadowed by one or more 
writers of some previous generation. Had geologists,, 
generally, been willing to have started out with the- 
theory that the presence of Man on all of the continentst 
Was of an antiquity greatly exceeding the limits of the* 
popular traditions, they would have become cognizant 
of abundant evidence in support of their theory, which; 
would have been of a cumulative character. 

Stone implements were not unknown to the ancient 
Greeks and Romans, but since bronze and iron, gold, 
silver, lead and tin had been in use so far back as their* 
records and traditions extended, they could hardly 
conceive a time in which any people had no knowledge* 
of the use of metals. They therefore regarded the 
rude flint hatchets, celts or hand-stones that were some-* 
times found, to be “thunder stones” evolved in the sky 
and which came dewn to earth with a flash of lightning 
and clap of thunder. However, some of their writer* 
entertained tolerably correct views of what is now 
known to have been the order of the evolution of civil¬ 
isation. The popular superstitions mentioned were 
perpetuated through the Middle Ages and arrow-head* 
being more frequently found than celts, the European 
peasantry regarded them as elf darts, shot to the earth 
by imaginary elves and fairies. 

Finally travelers who voyaged to the New World or 
She islands of the Paci$c Ocean, began to b<ing baek 



-4 THE SCHOOL 33<J£* Aifi) 


specimens of stone implements, hence those of Europe 1 
began to be regarded by the'learned as having been the* 
primitive tools of the earliest inhabitants of that conti¬ 
nent if, indeed, they had not inferred as much already,. 
1 rs 1690 a black dint celt of the spear-head type wa** 
found while an excavation was being made in London*. 
It was thought to be a Celtic weapon and coining into* 
the possession of ono, Conyers by name, he turned it 
over to a museum. In 171*5 it was figured as a curiosity 
in a book published in London. 

“As early as 1734/” says N. J'oly, “Mahudel, and 
after him Mercati, ventured to say that they were the* 
weapons of antediluvian man, but this bold assertion 
was received with ridicule and incredulity.'* 

In 1750 Eccardus in Germany expressed the opinion 
that the human race first lived in a period of stone* 
followed by a bronxe and then by an age of iron. 

In 1773 Buffon affirmed it to be his opinion that the* 
rudely chipped dints which some called thunder-stones^ 
were merely the tools of maa living in a primitive os 
state of of nature. 1 

In 1797 John Frere or his workmen found at Hoxne, 
county of Suffolk, England, numerous flint tools of the* 
Amiens type (Acheuleaw) at a depth of twelve feet? 
below the surface in a ajn&ll stream valley where clay 
for making brick was dug. Before Frere’a attention 
had been called to the implements, the workmen had 
collected several baskets full and dumped them info 
the ruts of a road, not knowing them to be objects of 
curiosity. The stratification of t^e beds was of the 
following order: 1$ feet vegetable earth; 7£ feet brick 
clay; 1 foot of sand with shells; ajjd 2 feet of sand ana 
gravel which was the implement bearing stratum. Th» 



DEVELOPMENT OP FBEEIRTORIG 1B3HKOLOOY 25V 


^orfcmea had unearthed what is now called a “work¬ 
shop” or place where primitive people had made their 
lint implements in the open. Frere sent specimens to* 
antiquarian museums and also intelligently discussed; 
them in the Arcbadogia for the;year 1800. He stated 
that the bones of “an enormous unknown animal,”* 
doubtless those of a Hairy Mammoth, were also found 
in the stratum containing the flint tools, and further 
observed that “the manner in whieh the flint weapons 
lay would lead to the persuasion that it was a place of 
their manufacture, and not of their accidental deposit . ,r 
And further: “The flints were evidently weapons of 
war, fabricated and used by a people who had not the 
use of metals.” Frere also, perceived that the beds i.n 
the valley had undergone considerable erosion since 
their original deposition by which the flints bad been 
covered. The deposition of the beds probably occurred), 
in the third ipterglacial epoch and the occupancy of. 
England by Man had been older than, the formation of 
these beds, Frere’s article was read by the learned of 
his time and then forgotten for sixty years. 

In 1796 a Tungusian hunter discovered in Siberia* 
near the mouth of the Lena river, the undecayed body 
of a mammoth frozen amidst mud and ice. He waited 
a few years for the animal to get thawed out so that 
he could procure the tusks. These be sold to a trader 
at Yakutsk. They measured along the curve nine feet 
six inches and were purchased for a museum at St. Pe¬ 
tersburg (Petrograd). Wolves, bears and foxes had 
begun to feed on the carcass when the skeleton, part of 
the hide and over 36 pounds of hair were dug out, sent 
to St. Petersburg and mounted for the nauseam. From 
the description of the animal given by the hooter wh<s 



28 


THE 300X3 A&L' SWLDTIOK 


round it, and from the remains recovered, a tolerably 
correct idea could be formed in regard to the appear¬ 
ance of the mammoth in life.* In later times the* 
co-existence of Man and the mammoth became a sub¬ 
ject of dispute, but no intelligent person would now 
think of calling the matter in question. 

A start toward the science of Prehistoric Archaeology 
was made in the year 1806, not that those concerned 
had any intention of founding a new branch of science. 
Geology was becoming a recognized science, at least with 
the learned, and so the King of l>enmark ordered an 
investigation of his kingdom to be instituted along phys¬ 
ical lines. A commission consisting of three person* 
was appointed to prosecute the work. One was a geol- 
srgist, another a zoologist, while the third man wav. 
an antiquarian. They bad not preceded far in their 
investigations before they discovered that the country 
districts contained mounds and dolmens, or ancient 
tombs, constructed of slabs of stone above ground, and 
in some cases mounded over with earth. Curiosity led 
the commission to open some of them that still remained 
undisturbed and much to their surprise they found 
human skeletons, pottery, polished stone implements. 


* Southall, in a book published in 1875 called "The Recent 
Origin of Man." gives a narrative concerning the finding of the 
body of a mammoth afloat in a Siberian river in 1846 by a party- 
traveling in a steam lannch. Howorth, an English writer, in s 
book about mammoths, stated that If he made no use of the nar¬ 
rative it was not because he did not know of it, but because he 
did not consider it to be authentic, having traced it to a book 
published for boys in Germany and printed in 1857. Its descrip¬ 
tion of the animal contains nothing but what was already known- 
The body of a Woolly Rhinoceros was also found in Siberia apd 
some years ago the body of another mammoth was discovered. 





JJ2VfiLOPMJ5M/r OP PRKH3SYCRIC ARCHEOLOGY 27 


with weapons aad ornaments of bronze, but there wer*. 
no traces of iron found in association with these relics. 
Neither did they find any paleolithic implements m 
Denmark since they do not occur in that country. But 
the convictiou forced itself on their minds that a race 
of which history gave no record had once lived in Den¬ 
mark and who were unacquainted with the use of iron. 

The commissioners might have known these things 
before, but in those times the savants were apt to he 
closet philosophers who lived in cities, having only a 
casual acquaintance with the open country. In 1316 
the relics found by the commissioners, with additions, 
were gathered together as a nucleus for founding the 
Archaeological Museum of Copenhagen. 

Sir Charles Lyell relates in hia Geological Evidence* 
of the Antiquity of Man that in excavating a canal 
in the valley of the Meuse, Belgium, a projecting hill 
of loess loam and gravel was cut through containing 
a large number of the bones of mammoths and also a 
human lower jaw with the teeth. This relic was found 
at a depth of nineteen feet below the surface where the 
loam joined the gravel. The nearest tusk of a mam¬ 
moth was removed at a distance of six yards ou the 
same level. The canal was being constructed between 
1815 and 1823 and Prof. Crahay of the Museum of Ley¬ 
den published an account of this find. The relic was 
probably Mousterian, or belonging to what is called 
the Neanderthal race. 

The same author also states that M. Ami Boue found 
in 1823 at Lahr, opposite Strassburg. many bones of a 
human skeleton, minus the skull, in the Rhine loete. 
The loess is about two hundred feet thick iD that part 
of the valley and amall hills, valleys and terraces have 



THK SCHOOL BOOKS IKS EVOLDTIOK 


28 


been eroded in it by denudation of the deposit. A bone 
was seen by Boue protruding from a vertical bank of 
loess about five feet high and about eighty feet below 
the top of the deposit before it bad undergone denuda¬ 
tion. The enveloping loess was compact and the bones 
were found when the loam was dug into lying in nearly 
a horizontal position, but not like as if a body had been 
buried there. Boue took the bones to Paris and left 
them with Cuvier but they were neglected and lost, tho 
noted anatomist refusing to believe that they were of 
any great antiquity, Cuvier doubted or disbelieved 
that Man ever co-existed with any of the extinct Pleis¬ 
tocene mammalia and his opinion influenced men of 1 
science for nearly thirty years after his death. 

In 1825 a Catholic priest named McEnery residing at 
Torquay on the south coast of Devon, found in Kent’s 
cave a mile west of the village, several flint imple¬ 
ments associated with an extinct species of rhinoceros, 
cave bear and bones of other animals. They lay in red 
earth beneath a floor of stalagmite. McEnery was in¬ 
clined to believe that Man had been contemporary with 
the extinct animals, but he was associated with Buck- 
land who held the view that Man and theextinet mam¬ 
mals had never co-existed together, so his papets on 
the subject did not get published until 1859* 

In 1828 Tournal of Narbonne explored a bone cave 
in the south of France and announced to the scientific 
world the discovery of human remains and things that 
showed the handiwork of Man in cave earth intermixed 
with the bones of animals that appeared to be fossil. 
The next year M. de Christol found a similar associa¬ 
tion of remains in a cave near Nismes, which in this 
instance was filled to the roof with mud and gravel. 



DJSV .SLOPMSNT OF rRKHiaTttfit© 1 ABCHJSCXLOG'S' 2S» 


The savants comprising the French Institute received 
these announcements with caution. Now as fragment® 
of pottery were found in both caves it threw doubt oxk 
the matter, though the ioweat layers of cave earth 
may have been of Paleolithic age. Evidently the con¬ 
tents of these caves were introduced at different time*,. 

Along in the early thirties, l>r. Schmerling of Liege, 
Belgium, was investigating prehistoric remains found 
in caves ou the sides of the valley of the Meuse. In 
the coarse of several years he searched more than forty 
of them. In 1831 he found in a cavern about eight 
miles southwest of Liege, the noted Engis skull, which, 
after the finding of the still more noted Neanderthal 
skull in Germany in 1856, was much discussed among 
scientists. Schmerling made a large collection of relics 
and was himself convinced that Man and the larger 
extinct animals of Europe had lived contemporaneously 
on that continent. In 1834 he published a work relative 
to his discoveries, bnt for about a quarter of a century 
longer his opinions failed to convince the majority of 
scientists that they were as valid as the deductions of 
Geology; finally they acknowlegded their error. 

The next person of note to engage in prehistoric in¬ 
vestigations was M. Boucher de Perthes, of Abbeville* 
in the northeastern part of France. Between the years 
1836 and 1840 he was prosecuting researches in regard 
to Celtic remains and was also familiar with Neolithic 
implements. Gravel was hauled winters, when teams 
could the more readily be procnred, to repair the streets 
and fortifications of Abbeville, and the loads were dug 
from terraces on the sides of the valley of the Somme. 
The valley is eroded in the chalk formation, is about 
Due mile wide, and between 200 and 300 feet in depth. 




;J0 tux kW.«a.oi> apo&s EVOLCTiOir 


One day the savant mentioned picked up from a pile of 
gravel a celt which had attracted his attention and which 
he saw bore marks of rough chipping. Taking it to the 
gravel-pits he inquired of the workmen whether they 
were Accustomed to meet with stones of that form in 
excavating the gravel banks. He was told that they 
were sometimes met with though the workmen had 
attached*ne importance to them. Boucher de Perthes 
now watched the digging and did not rest satisfied on* 
til he bad himself extracted from the undisturbed 
gravel a fine specimen. The excavations laid open, 
vertical banks of stratified sand and gravel and tha 
bones of extinct animals sometimes came to light, some 
of which were sent to Paris. Boucher de Perthes con¬ 
tinued to collect the paleolitbs during several winters 
and in 1839 he took several specimens to Paris. The. 
geologists, not being familiar with rough chipped stone 
implements, regarded them with ridicule. He contin¬ 
ued to find them, often twenty to thirty feet below the 
surface, the fossil bones occurring in the same beds. 
He was not long in reaching the conclusion that Man 
was on the earth during the formation of the terraces 
and had been contemporary with the mammoth, woolly 
rhinoceros, cave-bear and other extinct animals. 

In 1846 and 1847 Boucher de Perthes published two 
books in regard to his archslogical discoveries. He 
was assailed with all manner of objections, and acoueed 
of rashness and presumption, of being an unknown 
archaeologist, a geologist without a diploma. Borne said 
that the implements had lain on the surface and had 
either worked downward of their own weight or had 
been shaken down by earthquakes, and in that way 
had become intermixed with the bones of the extinct 



DEVELOPMENT OF PBEHISTOKIC ASCHEOLOQY 31 


animals. Others maintained that they ware not imple¬ 
ments at all but owed their origin to the action of frost 
or velcanic agency. Some even went so far as to say 
that the workmen had made them and placed them in 
the gravel beds. None of these objections, in regard t<* 
the implements themselves, could stand the test of 
scientific examination. 

As early as 1819 l>r, Rigollot, of Amiens in the same 
region, had written a memoir on the fossil remains of 
the Somme valley. He, too, was a determined oppo¬ 
nent of the views of Boucher de Perthes. Finally he 
was induced to visit Abbeville and examine the collec¬ 
tion that the antiquarian of that place had made. 
Returning to Amiens he began searching the grave) 
pits of St. Acheul, a suburb of his home city, and be¬ 
gan finding implements of a type since called Acbeul- 
©an. He now changed his opinions and in 1853 he 
published a book ou stone im plements illustrated with 
sections of the gravel beds and drawings of implements. 
The members of the French Institute now condescend¬ 
ed to take some notice of such matters, but still re¬ 
mained incredulous in regard to the co-existence of 
Man and the extinct mammalia, as if an acceptation of 
that view involved some kind of heresy. 

There were then, and always have been, certain im¬ 
plications growing cut of the subject of Paleolithic 
Man that cannot be reconciled with the traditional 
beliefs of literalists. As deducible from the discover¬ 
ies thus far published, they appeared to lead upward 
to these logical conclusions, even if not deliberately 
maintained in those publications: 1. That Man in 
Europe had existed in the drift age. 2. That be bad 
been contemporary with ti^e great Quaternary animal^ 




THS SCHOOL 8O0K9 AITD iYOLUTIOSf 


that became extinct at the close of that age. 3. That 
the earliest traces of Mas in Europe, and by analogy, 
on all the continents, indicated that his first state had 
been a condition of primeval barbarism. This was aa 
far removed from a traditional “Uolden Age of Man** 
as very well could be; nor has this dictum of Modern 
Science thus early inferred, ever been successfully 
gainsaid, nor can it be refuted in the light of present 
day knowledge on the subject. Hence the attitude of 
college, university aDd high school textbooks upon 
this question in present times. 

Writing retrospectively in I860, after stating that 
his books bad been made the subject of religious con¬ 
troversy, Boucher de Perthes went on to remark: “I 
revealed a fact; consequences were deduced from it, but 
I had not made them. Truth is no man’& work; she 
was created before us and is older than the world itself; 
often sought, more often repulsed, we find, but do not 
invent her.” 

We shall next turn to England. The incredulon^ 
attitude of the British men of science on the question 
down to about 1860, may be of some interest to discuss 
in connection with this special essay. The question 
at issue with them was not so much whether Men had 
been on the earth considerably longer than was then 
commonly supposed, as was this crucial query: “Had 
he been contemporary with tie extirct Pleistocene 
mammals or not ?” If the latter phase of the question 
were proven to their satisfaction the other would not 
be thought worth discussing, and Ussher’s chronology 
in regard to the age of Man would be esteemed of no 
more account than they held it to be in relation to the 
age of the earth. Along in the fiddle fifties the qi}6&- 



D87BIiOP*fESrr OF P8BHI8TOBK5 AEgHBGLOQY 38‘ 


«Ton at issue wss sharply discussed by the British geol¬ 
ogists, but, for the time being, the usual spirit of doubt,, 
incredulity and prejudice was allowed to prevail. All; 
that would have been necessary to settle the question,, 
would have been to send a committee of scientists, 
across the English Channel to study the Somme gravel; 
beds, but this seems not even to have been thought of,, 
not that they were ignorant of the work of Schmerling, 
Rigollot and Boucher de Perthes. 

As early as 1833 Sir Charles Lyell in passing through. 
Liege on his way to the Eftnne, stopped there and com 
versed with l>r. Schmerling who showed him the splen¬ 
did collection he had made from the Belgian caves. 
Lyell stated in the early sixties that soon after hi» 
visit to Liege he cited Schmerling’s opinions in the next 
and in later editions of his Principles of Geology, but, 
without giving them the weight to which he could now 
see they were entitled, that savant having “accumulated? 
ample evidence to prove that man had been introduced 
into the earth at an earlier period than geologists were 
then willing to believe.” N. Joly remarks that LyellV 
acknowledgment of his error was more creditable to 
his character than to his judgement. 

In 1840 Godwin-Auslin made some digging in Kents* 
cavern and found implements with the remains of the 
extinct mammalia beneath a floor of stalagmite and he 
was satisfied that both had been contemporary, but 
his published account of the matter attracted little 
attention. The English geologists were not yet ready 
for any such revolutionary opinions in that decade nor 
scarcely in the succeeded one, so at this point we will 
endeavor to specify some probable reasons in order to 
account for their obtuse bolding back. 




THE SCHOOL BO0X5 AND ETOMTTIOX 


H 


1. Lyell or some other writer endeavored to excuse* 
the English school of geologists on the gronnd that 
there was lacking among them personal knowledge of 
ail the minute circumstances under which implement* 
associated with the remains of extinct animals were 
really found, and never having seen any in eitu them¬ 
selves, they therefore bad to depend on the published 
reports of a few others. 

2. The opinions of Cuvier had more than a lingering 
influence at that time. 

3. The collections made or being made were not the 
work of accredited geologists. 

4. The theories of those savants were contrary to 
the popular beliefs of the time, to both its standard and 
religious literature and also contrary to the early educa¬ 
tion of the geologists themselves. 

5. Then there was the question of “deduced conse¬ 
quences.” By the middle fifties the controversy over- 
the age of the earth had about run its course. Probably 
some of the geologists dreaded a fresh conflict over a 
new issue. The drift age was conceived of as having 
closed some thousands of years anterior to the begin¬ 
ning of the historic period. But the geologists were 
not a class of men to hold out very long in the face of 
accumulating evidence. 

In this connection we may refer in passing to the 
attitude of Hugh Miller on the general subject. We 
find him repeating Hitchcock’s “sepulture” argument 
to the effect that caves having been used as burial 
places from remote times, in that way the remains of 
Man and objects of his handiwork had become inter¬ 
mixed with the bones of extinct quadrupeds. Thia 
argument may have been valid in regard to a very few 



e* 


UUT&LOFMEWT OF FBEHMT^RM ASCHBOLOGY 85* 


instances,, but by no means applied to all of the cave* 
hat were explored by l>r. Schmerling. Nor did it 
apply to the Somme gravel beds which Miller refrain¬ 
ed from mentioning. In regard to the primeval con¬ 
dition of man, he said: “Adam, the father of mankind, 
was no squalid savage of doubtful humanity, but a noble 
specimen of man; and Eve a soft Circassian beauty 
bat exquisitely lovely beyond the lot of fallen human¬ 
ity.” Every anthropologist would now bold that thia 
was and is not science, but merely Miller's own fancy. 

Hugh Miller was one of those geologists of whom 
Huxley said <( had one eye upon fact and the other on 
Genesis.” Miller was of the class called reconcilers 
and in 1856 he prepared for publication a book called 
“The Testimony of the iiocks,” in which he essayed an 
impossible task—that of reconciling Genesis and Geol¬ 
ogy in some way that would satisfy both geologists and 
the Christian world and help to end an unhappy con¬ 
troversy, already dying out. He completed the book 
but never lived to see it issue from the press. Now in 
justice to his memory it may confidently be affirmed 
that had he lived eight or ten years longer, he would 
have arrived at essentially the same opinions that the 
other British geologists did. 

In the late fifties the English geologists had reached 
a frame of mind where any new discovery concerning 
prehistoric remains, especially If made in their own 
country, was likely to precipitate a sudden revolution 
of opinion. The occasion was not lacking, and was 
brought about by a physical accident. Near Brixham 
on the Channel coast of England there is a limestone 
hill with a bay of the Channel on one side and a valley 
on the other. Near the top, of tl\e h.iU there is a eave 



BOffQOfL BOOKS AJf© BYOLUTIOlf 



with branching gallerias and fire openiugs on the side* 
toward the valley. The openings were all closed up 
with cave earth and debris that had’ slidden down from 
above, but the existence of the cavern was made known? 
in 1853 by the falling in of the roof of one of the galle¬ 
ries. The British Association resolved that this cave, 
the contents of which were undisturbed, should care¬ 
fully be explored in charge of a competent person. 
The contents of the cave were stalagmite, cave earthy 
and fiuviatile gravel. The bones of existing and ex¬ 
tinct animals were abundant and a number of antique 
implements were also found embedded in the layer* 
of cave earth. There could be no reasonable doubt 
in regard to Man and the extinct Pleistocene fauna 
having co-existed together, as shown in this instance. 

In the autumn of 1859 Dr. Falconer while on his way* 
to Sicily, stopped at Abbeville and examined Bouchei* 
de Perthes' collection of relics. On his return to Eng¬ 
land he induced Mr. Prestwich, who was an expert in 
drift formations, to visit the Somme valley and study 
its gravel terraces. This he did and succeeded in hav¬ 
ing a photograph taken showing a flint implement in 
situ in undistnrhed gravel, which later was exhibited 
at a meeting of the Royal Geological Society. In thef 
next two years all of the prominent British men of 
science visited the valley of the Somme and bad their 
doubts dissipated. Indirectly they influenced those of 
France and by the year 1865 the members of the Insti¬ 
tute had discovered that Dr. Rigollotand Boucher de 
Perthes were fellow countrymen worthy of honor. 

Two points that had so long been denied or doubsed 
were now freely conceded; first, that Man had been on 
the earth much longer than what had previously been 




pEYELOPiflgST OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 37 


opposed; and second, that ho had fo*e*isted with the 
extinct Pleistocene mammalia. It became known that 
stone implements could also be found in the valleys of 
southern England, and in France, in those of the Seine, 
Loire, Marne and Oise, that of the Somme becoming 
classic ground (or the anthropologists. Down to 1900 
it was estimated that as many as5,000 £(int implements 
had been found there. The river gravels of this valley 
are not glacial gravels, since none of the icesheets of 
the Glacial Period reached that region, but were de¬ 
rived from the debris of the chalk formation and from 
Jurassic and Tertiary strata, nothing coming from 
^utaide of the hydrographical drainage basin of the 
river Somme itself. $ut the most prolific stations for 
yielding the greatest variety of prehistoric relics are 
not those of the valley drifts hut rather the caves, rock 
shelters, the loess, the peat bogs, camp sites, lakes and 
other locations. In rare instances skulls and other 
bones of man have been found in the river gravels, but 
generally they have been found in situations where 
they were more ap,t to have been preserved. 

In 1868 Sir Charles Lyell published his “Geological 
Evidences of the Antiquity of Man,’’’ in which he cited 
and discussed the discoveries thus far made, including 
the phenomena of the Glacial Period, as he understood 
it. The last five chapters of his book were devoted to 
a discussion of the Evolution theory whereby he made 
it apparent that he had espoused that doctrine. In 
1865 Sir John Lubbock first published his “Prehistoric 
Times.” Presumably these books were the first issued 
in the English language on the antiquity of man. 

The general facts concerning prehistoric remains 
having now b^en pu,Wi*hed^ cave apd rivet gravel rp-. 



THE SCHOOL BOOXS 4VD XyOlTJlSO* 




searches were stimulated aad progressed tbroogh the 
remainder of the century, particularly during the lat* 
sixties and early seventies. Gradually new problem^ 
^rose, The fact began to be distinguished that in the 
Paleolithic age a succession of different races had in¬ 
habited Europe. From whence did they come? What 
was their order of succea^on? If the Glacial Period 
itself were divisible into disconnetced epochs, what 
relationship did Man hold to these ice periods and tha 
interglacial intervals ? (This last question was raised 
by J. Giekie in 1874 and for years afterwards no certain 
answer could be returned, nor until a definite glacial 
Series had been worked out.) And from time to time 
other questions came up for solution. On one point, 
perhaps, all archaeologists were agreed and that wat 
that Paleolithic and Neolithic races could not have 
been contemporary in Europe, since a distinct gap 
appeared to exist between then*, and moreover, the 
animal world of both was far from being identical. 

The exploration of many of the caves was no easy 
matter. Where they contained hundreds of tons of 
pave earth, stalagmite, and fragments of limestone, all 
this could be removed only at much expense of labor 
and money. Every bone and flint flake had to be in¬ 
spected. The formation of patches or floors of stalag¬ 
mite in any cave, if present, was apparent since the 
process could be eeen going on. Stalagmite is fcha 
counterpart of stalactites, and where both unite a pil¬ 
lar or column is formed by the evaporation of dripping 
limy water. The origin of cave earth was not so ap¬ 
parent, and some invoked floods or the submergence of 
the land below sea level, as Sir J. W. Dawgon did aa 
late as 1887. “The larger ppjnber of caves” gays J. 




)>5iV«L0PMBWT OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 39 


$eikie, ^contain no fluviatile deposits of any kind.” 
Finally a French geologist made a special study of cave 
earths and found that a proper explanation was not 
far to Beek. The acid of decayed vegetation is a solvent 
of limestone* The most of the cave earth is a residue 
of decayed limestone filtrated into the caves through 
seams and crevices by acidulous water, after the lime 
is leached away in solution. Limestone oaves were 
hollowed out in the strata by underground streams, it 
is thought, mainly in the late Pliocene, when vegeta¬ 
tion was abundant, and were ready for Man when be 
might come and occupy them as a protection from the 
lowered temperature of glacial times, 

Man could not dwell on an icesheefc, but in western 
Europe between the southern limits of the northern 
ice fields and the Swiss icesheet, there existed a belt of 
country about 350 miles wide which was subjected to 
the climatic influences of the glaciers on either side, 
reverting to tundra and steppe conditions. It is this 
region that has been found to be the most prolific of 
Paleolithic remains. In the interglacial intervals Man 
lived more in the open, in camps and river valleys. 

When in the late sixties and decade of the seventies 
and later, it became apparent that a succession of dif¬ 
ferent races had inhabited Europe in the Stone Age, 
attempts were made, not only to classify their chrono¬ 
logical order of succession but to give them names. 
Lyell in 1863 could only speak of river drift and cave 
men, an age of polished stone implements, and bronze 
age. In 1865 Lubbock called these divisions the Pal- 
eolithic or Old Stone Age, the Neolithic or New Stone 
Age, and the Bronze Age. The Danish archeologist* 
already distinguished Stope, Bronze and Iron ages for 



#0 THE BCHtfOL BOOKS AND EYOU7TIOX 



Denmark. Others spoke of a Rough Stone Age, % 
Polished Stone Age, aud a Bronje Age u* haling pre¬ 
ceded the use of iron. l*artet in France postulated the 
following classification for the Old Stone Age; Age of 
the Cave Bear, the oldest; Age of the Reindeer; Age of 
pf the Woolly Rhinoceros and MUmmoth; Age of the 
the Aurochs or Bison. As early as the sixties Lartet 
perceived a variety as to race type in France. 

On the othe? hand, de ftjof tillet divided the Stone 
Age of Europe into a number of epochs without noting, 
the Chellean at the beginning of his series no* the 
Aiilian between the Magdalenian and Robenhausen 
epochs, the last named epoch being bis equivalent for 
the Neolithic, ^ortillet’s Aurignacian epoch should 
have preceded the Salutriau, but more than from any 
other source hia nomenclature has fixed modern usage 
in regard to designations for prehistoric races known 
to have lived in Europe. 

Epoch of Saint Achcul, distinguished by the almond shaped 
axe to the foim of a cat’s tongue. Absence of bone and born 
implements. 

Epoch of Moustier, distinguished by scraper* and triangular 
iance heads worked, only on one side. 

Epoch of Solutre, with its beautiful arrowheads cut in. the 
form of laurel leaves; angular mace; dint spear-heada mure 
skilfully wrought. 

Epoch of Aurignac; angular mace persists; spear and arrow 
points fashioned from bone and reindeer born. 

Epoch of la Madeleine (Magdalenian), characterized by bone 
and horn implements; etching or engraving of animal and 
human forms on stone, bone, horn and ivory. 

Epoch of Robenbaosen; Swiss lake dwellings, dolmens, e^. 
(The Neolithic age of Lubbock.) " 



USVBLOPMKST OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 41 


Below follows a more modern classification. Geikie 
in a work called “The Antiquity of Man in Europe” 
published in 1913, assigns the Chellean and Acheulean 
races to the Second Interglacial Stage and the Mous- 
teiap race to the Third Glacial Epoch and later, but 
the majority of European archeologists whom those of 
this country follow, now place the first two races men¬ 
tioned in the ^hird Interglacial Stage and the Mou& 
teri&n or Neanderthal race in the Fourth Glacial 
Epoch. The area covered by the. i^esheet of this last 
glacial epoch of Europe only comprised the Scandina¬ 
vian peninsula and limited portions of adjacent coun¬ 
tries, and also filled th ( e basins o$ the Baltic sea and 
the Gulf of Bothnia. 

Second Interglacial and Third Glacial Stage. 

PRE-CHELLI AN* . 

T * • / 

Fauna—Elephas antiquus; Rhinoceros, (one or two species^ 
Hippopotamus, Machairodus (saber toothed tiger) and other 
animals. Presumed oldest remains of Man:—Pithecanthropus 
erectus or Trinil man of Java; Egyptian autochthons; Mauer 
jaw; Piltdown skull. 

Third Interglacial Stage. 

LOWER PALEOLITHIC. 

Fauna—Elephas primigenius or Hairy Mammoth; Woolly, 
rhinoceros; Cave Bear, Cave Lion, Hyoena, species of deer, etc. 
Races -Chellean; Achulean; Mousterian or Neanderthal race. 
This latter race continued through the Fourth Glacial 
Epoch. Mousterian remains—Neanderthal skull; skeletons of 
$py; Taubach teeth; Krapina remains; St. Brelade’s Bay, J©r- 
s ey (teeth); skeletons of La Cbapelle au* Saintes, La Ferrp^iie, 
£^e Mouslier, Gibraltar sknll and somp other finds. 




42 


THE SCHOOL BOOKS A5R EVOLUTIO* 


UPPER PALEOLITHIC, 

postglacial Stage. 

Fauqa—H*iry Woolly Rhinoceros, Reiodefif, 

Musk-ox, Aurochs or £ifon, Horse, Be*?; »od many smaller 
animals. Races—Aurignacian, Solutrean, Bruno race con* 
temporary with the last; Magdaleoian, Azilian of the Pyrenees 
and Tardenoisan of northern France, probably a branch race 
of the Azilians. 

NEOLITHIC AGE. 

The Modern Fauna gathered from the Wild. Implements 
finely chipped, alsp ground or polished. Shell Mound people 
of Denmark; H>ll top settlements of England; Swiss Lake 
villages. 

Remarks—The Postglacial Stage is supposed to have began 
about 25,000 years ago. The Aurignacian and Magdalenian 
races are collectively called the Cro-Magnon race. The Magda* 
leoians were spread from Poland to France and also inhabited 
middle and southern England and northern Spain. They liv^d 
in Europe from the Buhl to the Gesnits stages of the advance of 
the Alpine glaciers, being succeeded in France by the AziUa* 
race. In Aurignacian times Italy is supposed to have been 
Occupied by thst race. The Solntrians are believed to have been 
a race that intruded into France. Possibly bone, horn, ivory 
and wood were used for tools by the Lower Paleolithic race*, but 
they lived so long ago that no specimen* have been preserved* 
they having left qnly rough chipped flint implements. 1 

The Neolithic culture was spread all over Europe except U 
its most northern parts. It began in Europe about 7000 i. c. f 
finally blending with the Bronze Age. This lattet age lasted 
about a thousand years and was then overwhelmed by the Doric 
invasion about tooo b. c. About tha^ time the use of iron w^f 
atroduced into southern Europe. 



OSYJgLQfUBHT 07 PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 43 


ft will b© observed that nothing that it contained in 
the early chapters of Genesis can be fitted into an 
anthropological table; in fact, the anthropologists do 
not and cannot regard those chapters to be historical. 
This does not result on their part from hostility to the 
Bible, but rather from the fact that the overwhelming 
array of evidence at their disposal compel them to hold 
their view. The situation in the earlier years of geo- 
logical investigations forms an analogous case. The 
geologists could not accept the first chapter of Genesis 
with its six creative days as natural days nor the chap¬ 
ter as literal history, as most every one then did. The 
literalists assailed geologists as infidels and blasphe¬ 
mers, charging them with a desire to discredit tha 
Bible. None of these aspersions with others like them 
had any foundation in fact, but were a product of ig^ 
norance, prejudice and misunderstanding. The early 
geologists were generally Christian men, aud Hitch* 
cock stated in his text-book of Geology that be knew 
of no geologist who had sought to use the science to 
militate against revelation. 

During the last forty years of the last century hooka 
and memoirs on Prehistoric Map Increased In pnmber 
and succeeding editions of standard works appeared; 
thus, Lubbock published a second edition of Prehistoric 
Times in 1869, and was enabled to issue a final edition 
so late as 191H. Two other English writers of note were 
Sir John Evans and W. Boyd Dawkins. Then there 
were German and French writers on the subject. One 
of the International Scientific Series is by N. Toly, ^ 
French writer, entitled “Man Before Metals” issued ip 
1888. Some American authors published books od tha 
the antiquity of man mainly drawing on ’Qyxvves.v 



4 * 


?S* SCHOOL BQO*S AND JB¥OLOT|(3^ 


authors for their literary materials. Cu 1912 Prof* 
JDuckwortb, of Cambridge, England, published a small 
hook of 161 pages, also issued in New York, devoted t« 
k discussion of the,remains of ancient Man discovered 
within the perceding twenty yearB, bnt without going 
farther forward in the time scale than the Aurignacian- 
Unfortunately the author just missed the Sussex man 
or Piltdown skull found about the time his book was 
issued. The work of if. Geikie was published in 1914 
in Edinburg and was based upon a series of lecturea 
delivered to university students. A standard Ameri¬ 
can work is by Henry F. Osborne of the American 
National Museum of New York, eall^d “Men of the 
Old Stone Age,” 191£ and 1916. To qualify himself for 
this work the author visited the principal localities or 
“stations” in Europe identified with the discoveries 
and also conferred with the leading archeologists. A 
more recent American work is “The Neolithic Age in 
Northern Europe” by J. M. Tylor of Amherst College,, 
Early in the second decade of this century the late 
Prof. G. Frederick Wright, of Clberlin, Ohio, published 
a book on the antiquity of up-an. We have never seen 
this work but find the anther quoted as saying thrft 
while the antiquity of man on the earth probably does 
not exceed 15,000 years it may not comprise more than 
10,600 years. No competent anthropologist would 
hazard any such statement. Prof. Osborne places the 
beginning of the Magdalenian culture 16,000 b. o. and 
races in succession lived in Europe before their time. 
Prof. Wright was more of a theologian than a scientist 
and persons of that kind are tem pted to use the facts of 
science in ways that others, unbiased by theological 
c,OBsid^rgtipn8., wopld have no Inciipation of 4pi«g. Jt 



OETRLOPMRET OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 45 

r ? . . — ■■■ — 1 ■ - - -- —---- -- r - 

^ew York magasine in a review notice of Wright’* 
book said that it had been written for a purpose which 
was so Dlain that its author might just as well have 
stated it in his preface. The tenor of the review article 
left it to be inferred that Prof. Wright's book was 
written in the interest of a belief in a literal Adana, 
since its author was not an evolutionist. 

In this connection, while speaking of books relative 
to prehistoric times, we will also refer to one that was 
of portly size, now obsolete, and which was published 
by the Lippincott Oompany, Philadelphia, in 1875. Is 
bore the title of “The Recent Origin of Man” and was 
written by James U. Southall of Richmond, Va. Its 
author stated in the preface that the wave of donbl 
had not then reached the popular masses of this conntry 
but that they would soon come to believe that Science 
had succeeded in establishing a great antiquity for 
Man. He also disclaimed that his book was in any 
sense theological, but Andrew D. White in his work 
called '‘The Warfare of Science with Theology” stated 
that Southall's book was really written in the interest 
of certain statements in church creeds thought by some 
at that time to be endangered. Waiving any discus* 
sion of the origin of Man himself, Southall defended 
several propositions in opposition to Lyell and Luhr 
bock, such as these: ' 

1. Bible lands had never known any Stone Age? 
Egypt in especial was born civilized, and there existed 
no trace of Stone Age barbarism behind the primal 
civilizations of western Asia.; 

2. The early inhabitants of Europe were degenerate 
offshoots from the early civilisations of Asia. 

3. The Paleolithic, and Neolithic age$ in E^rop* 




TBS SCHOOL BOOKS abb kvolutsow 


48 


trad not been successive but rather contemporaneous 
instead. 

4. Northern and southern apeeies of animals had 
annually migrated back and forth and thus their bonee 
had become intermixed. 

5. The extinction of some large animals and dose of 
the Glacial Period was not as remote as the geologists 
maintained. 

6. The Bronse Age was probably early Roman* 

Scientists made no attempt to refute these and other 

contentions but left them to be overborne by steadily 
increasing advene evidence. At that time the most 
of what was known about stone implements was con¬ 
fined to countries in western Europe, and the seienoe 
relative to the subject still in process of development. 
Southall had jumped too hastily to his conclusions* as 
was later shown, upon insufficient evidence. 

The chronological order of succession of the ancient 
European races was only gradually worked out* the 
Asilian being the last to take its place in the series, 
Usually, the layers of care earth furnished only two or 
three of the series, not always successive. Some cave a 
furnished only one culture. In 1908 and 1904 a grotto 
in the province of Santander, northern Spain, waa ex¬ 
plored by Obermaier. Successive layers, a few of them 
barren of human fossils, were superimposed upon each 
Other r to a depth of 45 feet reaching nearly to the roof. 
Man. had occupied the cave so loug ae there was space 
to stand upright in it. What is remarkable, the earth 
layers contained, almost without break, traces of Man 
from the Acheulean to the Bronse Age. The following 
table from Osborne,s work reads from the bottom up-* 
ward in regard to chronological order of succession j 



DSVELOPMBKT OP P&BHI8TOBIO AB< 7 HKOLO 0 Y 47 


13. Eoeelithic Age. Small triangular dagger in copper, 

12 . Azilian. Flint Industry-«age of the stag, 
tx. Upper Magdalenian. Artistic engraving! on stag horn, 
10 . Lower Magdalenian. Flints and fine engravings on bone. 
Reindeer baton. 

9. Archaic Solutrian. Feuilles de laurier [lauiel leaved 
Arrow-heads] retouched on one side enly. 

6 , 7 and 8 . Upper Aurignacian in 3 layers. Remains of 
the reindeer and burins. 

5 . Lower Aurignacian. Implements of stone and and bone. 
Remains of an infant. 

4 . Upper Mousterian. Rich in small implements and 
large tools of quartslte. Merck's rhinoceros very abundant. 

3. - Typical Mousterian Hints and quartzites. v -1 
2 . Gariy Mousterian industry. Bones of cave bear and 
Merck’s rhinoceros, 
r. Acheulean Hiatt. 

The cave layers have been of assistance to archaeolo¬ 
gists in determining in what periods certain extinot 
mammalia disappeared. The Mammoth and Woolly 
fihinoceros persisted to the Magdalenian Age, but the 
Hippopotamus never returned to Europe after the 
Third Interglacial stage. During the warm intergla¬ 
cial stages the reindeer migrated to northern Europe 
and returned to France for the last time to the Bnhl 
stage when the climate of middle Europe was similar 
to that of Lapland. This is shown by the fact that the 
Arilians had to use stag’s horn for some of their im¬ 
plements which is inferior to reindeer horn. By the 
aid of fossil vegetation and the kind of animals present 4 
the climatology prevalent during the life of each race 
type can now be ascertained. Each Interglacial epoch 
had threp varieties of climate in orderly succession 



THB SCHOOL BOOKS ABTJJ EVOLUTION 


ooe of which was dry and arid with dust storms, all of 
which affected aaimal life. 

When any new discoveries are now made, the science 
ef prehistoric remains has so far advanced that the 
relics can be assigned by certain criteria back to their 
race type and chronological order of succession. In 
Lyell's time this was not possible. The science can 
even be made retrospective; for examples, Frere’s early 
discoveries were Achalean; those of de Perthes and 
Eigollot were Che]lean, Aoheulean and Monsterian, 
Eiver Drift races, although they sometimes inhabited 
caves. The Neanderthal skull, eo much discussed 
many years ago, Archeological Science can now affirm, 
was Mousterian, and the Engis skull Magdalenian. 

In the last years of the last century and first years 
of the present century, several caves were discovered 
in France and Spain—La Mothe, Combarelles, Font de * 
Gnu me and Al tarn ira-r-whose walls are adorned with 
a wonderful array of sculptures and paintings of ani¬ 
mals, singly or in groups of a kind, representing deer, 
aurochs, boar, horse, mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, etc. 
Etchings or engravings on slate, horn and ivory had 
been found previously by the hundred in cave and rock 
shelter deposits, some of which are artistically sketch¬ 
ed, but the wall paintings are on a scale of four or five 
feet from tip to tip, some few of them being master¬ 
pieces of prehistoric art and of Magdalenian age. Out 
of these many drawings, either etched on reindeer horn, 
ivory and slate or sculptured and painted on the walls 
of caves, only about forty of them are couaidered to be 
artistic, the majority of them having been the work of 
mediocre or unskilled artists, who whiled away storm/ 
days in theiir caves drawing pictures of game 




OBVELOFUENT OF PBEJKSTOBIO ABOHEOIiOdT 49 


The first remains of the Mousterian race that were 
. discovered, aside from their implements, was the Nean¬ 
derthal skull or rather skull cap. For many years its 
plaoe in the chronological scale remained unknown 
awing to a lack of similar finds for comparison. When 
first exibited at a scientific meeting held at Bonn, some 
of the savants present doubted whether it was human 
< er not, and Huxley being later shown a cast of it by 
I>yell, exclaimed that it was the most ape-like he had 
ever beheld. It was so far below the average European 
skull that Vircbow believed that its aberrant form was 
due to disease and that it did not indicate a race type. 
This objection was urged for twenty years when the 
discovery of the two Spy skeletons in 1887 silenced it. 
The Neanderthal race wrb low in the scale of human¬ 
ity. It is now possible to gauge the brain capacity of 
this race. It is thought that the last generations of 
them were conquered and enslaved by the higher cul¬ 
tured Aurignacians and thus gradually becameextinct. 
Early Aurignacian implements betoken inter-blending 
of type, as if both races were partially contemporary. 
Speaking of Mousterian man* Huxley said: 

“The anatomical characters of the skeletons bear out 
conclusions which are not flattering to the appearance 
of their owners. They were short of stature, but pow¬ 
erfully built, with strong, curiously curved thigh bones, 
the lower ends of which are so fashioned that he must 
have walked with a bend of the knees. Their long, 
depressed skulls had very strong brow ridges; their 
lower jaws of brutal strength and solidity, sloped away 
from the teeth downward and backward, in consequence 
of the absence of that specially characteristic featfiry 
pf the high*? type of pf\an, the chin promipencs." 



50 


THB SCHOOL BOOKS AH® EVOMmON 


The skulls of the Upper Paleolithic races approached 
closely to modern European forms. When its plate 
in the series of race types was unknown, Huxley said 
in regard to the £ngis skull: 'There is no mark of 
degradation about any part of its structure. It is, in 
fact, a fair average human skull, which might have 
belonged to a philosopher, or might have contained 
the thoughtless brain of a savage.” 

The last Magdalenians and the Azilians probably 
became absorbed into the earlier Neolithic tribes that 
next began pressing into Europe from Asiatic breeding 
hives. The Basques possibly may be descendants of 
the Azilians. The Mediteranean race of southern 
Europe is certainly related to Neolithic man. 

In regard to the question, from whence did the early 
races come, nothing definite has been ascertained in 
relation to this matter. Geologists hold that what is 
now the Mediterranean Sea wbb once a series of land 
locked lakes, and some have conjectured that the earli* 
est inhabitants of Europe came in from North Africa 
before all of the land bridges were submerged. Some 
suppose that some tribes crossed the Straight of Gib¬ 
raltar into Spain, thence spread over western Europe. 
It is generally held that the later prehistoric races 
migrated from the East similar to the later historic 
mfgrations, with some further arrivals by way of the 
western route through Spain. The evolutionists do not 
hold the therory that any of the early known races of 

s ■ - 

Europe were evolved there but would rather look to 
the greater land mass of Asia for their origin. 




III. 

EXCERPTS FROM THE SCHOOL BOOKS 


1.—Relative to Prehistoric Man. 

r P'HERE are prevalent in this couutry a number 9 ? 

minor sects, with adherents in some of the larger 
denominations who, in relation to Biblical interpreta¬ 
tion are said to be characterized by a severe literalism. 
Collectively they are sometimes called Fundamental¬ 
ists. They accept everything related in the book of 
Oenesis, so far as possible, as literal history, generally 
rejecting parabolic interpretations, and consider the 
Bible to be inspired throughout. Not being an intel¬ 
lectual class they have no sympathy with advanced 
Modern Thought, which they regard as infidelity. They 
are opposed to the Higher Criticism, and its teaching 
in those theological colleges and universities in which 
it has gained a foothold or standing. Instinctively the 
Fundamentalists are opposed to the dootrine of Evolu¬ 
tion or Darwinism, as the? call it, and its teaching in 
the public schools, seculur colleges and state univer¬ 
sities. So far as we are aware, this class of religionists 
alone in their publications keep up the old-time “con¬ 
flict between science and religion,” which has long ago 
been abandoned by the large denominations. 

While contributors to the weekly papers issued by 
the Fundamentalists attack, without stint; the “destruc¬ 
tive critics” in certain theological institutions, also 
Evolution in general, they seem to be somewhat warry 
qf even criticising the public schools, although certain^ 


52 


THE BCHOOL BOOE8 AND EVOLUTIO* 


teachings of the books used, particularly in the high 
schools, are widely at variance with their tenets. The 
modern school books ignore the first nine or ten chap* 
ters of Genesis, This is pot because those chapters are 
Biblical, but because the authors of the school books 
do not regard them ip any wise as historical. They 
make some use of other portions of the Bible, as in 
ancient history, but eliminate any supernatural ele¬ 
ments that the portions so used may chance to contain. 
The makers of the scientific sort of school text books 
are evolutionists. 

Instead of the si* days creation the ohaoces are that 
school pupils will learn something about the nebular 
hypothesis and some of the elements of geology; in* 
stead of instantaneous creation by divine fiat they learn 
orderly progression, or God working by natural law; 
instead of a Garden of Eden and first man, the pupils 
get a glimpse of the barbarous condition of prehistoric 
man; instead qi any Fall of Man they are taught the 
gradual rise of mau from primeval barbarism to civili¬ 
zation; instead of an antediluvian world and the Flood 
they learn considerable concerning the Glacial Period. 
Finally, as students in the high school the boys likely 
make a choice between accepting creation or evolution- 
in regard to the origin of man. There is no recognition 
in the school books that men ipany|age of the world 
ever lived longer than they do now. 

The present-day school books are merely following 
lines of advanced thought after some hesitation to do 
so as much as twenty years ago. Of course this pr> 
clivity began earlier with college and university text 
books. We shall now present specimen extracts taken 
from bcx?ks used in the public schools and which $#0- 



EXCERPTS FROM THE SCHOOL BOOXB 


53 


certainly not in harmony with the view* held by the 
literalists as those views may be found in evidence in 
their publications. Probably many more specimens 
might be quoted for we have not had access to any mul¬ 
tiplicity of book*. 

In beginning the school book excerpts that follow 
we herewith present one, for the sake of contrast, taken 
from a school book of the date 1836: 

Who were the first inhabitants on this earth ? 

Adam and Eve. 

*1 here did they first lir* ? 

In the Garden of Eden, called Paradise. 

*Vhere was that ? 

It is supposed to havs been in the S. W. part of 

Asia, uear the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. 

Where did Adam's posterity, or descendants, settle? 

They spread as they increased over the whole face 
of the earth. 


Man was contemporaneous with the cave-bear, the 
mammoth and other huge animals that lived during 
the Post-Tertiary period. Fossil remains and imple¬ 
ments have been found in Quaternary deposits. 

Holden’s Elements of Zoology. 

Antiquity of Man. —»We do not know when man 
first came into possession of the earth. We only know 
that, in ages vastly remote, when both the climate and 
outline of Europe were very different from what they 
are at present, man liyed on that continent with ani¬ 
mals now extinct. 

Myers’ General History for Colleges and High Schools. 

We therefore conclude that at one time, many thou¬ 
sands of years ago, all, or nearly qfil people were more 




54 THE SCHOOL BOOKS A’HD EVOLUTIQH 


ignorant than the most savage tribes now living. They 
probably did not know how to make many things, but 
Jived in caves, wore no clothing, and ate only fruits, 
?nts, roots, and such insects as they could eatch, and 
such small animals as they could kill with clubs and 
stones. 

Redway & Hinman, Natural Advanced Geography. 

The oldest records yet found in Egypt reach back to 
about 5000 b. o. At that time the use of bronse was 
already well advanced. Remains in the soil show that 
there had been earlier dwellers using rude stone im¬ 
plements and practising savage customs. How many 
thousands of years it took for this savagery to develop 
into the culture of 5000 b. c. we do not know. 

W. M, West, The Ancient World. 

Such facts as these are held to indicate that all men 
~the most cultivated races as well as the rudest—-have 
descended from more or less remote ancestors who were 
as ignorant, and as low in the scale of civilization, as 
the lowest savages of whom we have any knowledge. 
During the vast period of time which has elapsed snoe 
all mankind was in this low state different portions of 
the human family have developed their mental powers 
at different rates. 

Hinmao’s Eclectic Physical Geography. 

About 50,000 years ago, if not earlier, appdated 
Homo Neauderthalensia, a quite passable human be¬ 
ing. His thumb was not quite equal in inflexibility and 
usefulness to a human thumb, be stooped forward and 
could not hold his head erect as all living men do, he 
was chinless and perhaps incapable of speecb, there 
prere curious differences about the enamel apd roots of 



SXOfi&PXS FROM THE SCHOOL BOOKS 


55 


bit teeth f rom those of all living men, he was very thick; 
set, he was, indeed, not quite of the human species* 
hut there it pp dispute about his attribution to the 
genus Homo. 

fi. <£. Wells, The Outline of History, 

It is now very generally believed that the earth was 
inhabited by mpn for thousands of years previous to 
the dawn of history. Though ip that long stretch of 
time prehistoric mpn made advancement similar to, 
but slower than, the strides which mark his progress 
since the beginning of civilization, yet, even in his 
primitive state, he was removed by his special endow¬ 
ments and his capabilities far above all other created 
beings. At that time the gulf which separated him 
from the lower animals was greater than the distinc¬ 
tions now existing between the civilized nations and 
the savage tribes. 

Warren’s New Physical Geography. 

• , i • • 

The earliest men lived upon fruits, roots, seeds apd 
tubers found growing wild, and upon reptiles, insects, 
worms and other vermin which they could capture. 
The history of the race has been one of slow progress 
from this lowest stage of savagery through barb,arisen 
to civilization. The discovery of the use of fire and 
the manufacture of axes, spearheads, knives, and other 
implements and weapons from stone enabled them to 
become hunters and fishermen, and added to t^ei* 
resources a relatively abundant supply of cooked meat. 
The invention of the bow and arrow was of prime im¬ 
portance, the power, range and accuracy of this weapon 
giving its possessors a decided superiority in war and 
the chase. The invention of the art of making pottery 



THE SCHOOL BOOKS AND ETOLUTiOK 


X n 


from clay added to the conveniences of domestic Ufa 
facilities for the storage of liquids and for eoeking and 
boiling. 

Dryer’s Wessons ia Physical Geography. 

At some time in the history of the world the ances¬ 
tors of every race of people lived in a rude, uncivilized 
manner. The want of food and other material comforts 
brought suffering; superstitition brought fear; and 
lack of wisdom brought misunderstanding, quarreling, 
fighting, war. From this rude condition some people 
have advanced through many stages of Bocial and 
economic development in the upward trend of the 
human race. The moBt highly developed nations have 
gradually advanced through the following stages: hunt¬ 
ing and fishing, pastoral, agricultural, commercial and 
capitalistic. Each social or economic stage demanded 
a more extensive organisation; and in turn, each 
extension of political organization made possible the 
advance of a more complex social or economic stage. 
During the hunting and fishing stage of each race the 
mode of living was little above that of beasts. 

Magruder, American Government in 19 ZI. 

The first men were more helpless and brutelike than 
the lowest savages in the world to-day. They had 
neither fire nor knife—no tools or weapons except 
their hands, their formidable teeth and chance clubs 
and stones. The first marked gain was the discovery 
by some savage that he could chip off flakes from 4 
flint stone by striking it in a certain way with other 
stones, so as to give it a sharp edge and a convenient 
shape for the band to grasp. This invention helped 
Man into the Stone Age.—Remains in the soils^pK ui 



i*CK&rrs fbojc ths school books 


*7 


that men began to uae stone tools at least 100,000 years 
ago.* The earliest remains often lie buried deep under 
layers of earth deposits th^t contain the different sorts 
of tools of succeeding ages. In general, the tools ip 
the upper layers are better than those in the lower 
ones; and so by studying these relies, from the bottom 
layers upward, we oau trace something of the order of 
man's development in these uncounted thousands of 
years in which ot^r forefathers were learning to tak« 
the first stumbling steps up from savagery.—Five gains 
during the long 9tooe Age were beyond price: the use 
of fire; the beginning of language; the taming of the 
dog, cow, sheep, and other familiar barnyard assist¬ 
ants; the discovery of wheat, barley, rice and most of 
our other Old-World food plants; and the invention of 
picture-writing. 

W. M. West, The Story of Modern Progress. 


Britain Before Written History Begins.—The Hough 
Stone Age. Man seems to have taken up his abode in 
Britain before it was severed from the mainland. Hia 
condition was that of the lowest and most brutal sav¬ 
age- He probably stood apart, even from his fellow 
men, in selfish isolation; if so, he was bound to no 
tribe, acknowledged no chief, obeyed no law. All hie 


• In all fairness it may b« be stated here that different writ* 
ers are often widely variant in thetr estimates of'mau’s antiquity 
Similar to the different estimates oi geologists In regard to the 
duration of the Pleistocene (page 20), The school boo* maker* 
take their figures from the anthropologists. These variations as 
to chronology do not alter the fact that Man is of very grea^ 
antiquity. Science regards this point as Rattled beyond ^ tea- 
vocable controversy, 





THIS 6CH00L BOOBS AND EVOLUTION 


53 


interests were centered in himself and the little grotty 
which constituted his family. 

His home was the first empty caye he found; or a 
rude rock-shelter made by N piling tap stones in some, 
partially protected place. Here he dwelt during the 
winter. In summer, when his wandering life began, 
he built himBelf a camping-place of branches and bark, 
under the shelter of an overhanging cliff by the sea 
or close to the bank of a river. 

y i 

He had no tools. When he wanted a fire iie struck 
a bit of flint against a lump of iron ore or made a flame 
by rubbing two dry sticks together. 

His only weapon was a club or a stone. As he did 
not dare encounter the larger and fiercer animals, h* 
rarely ventured into the depths of the forests, but sub* 
sisted on the shell-fish he picked up along the shore, 
or on any chance game he might have the fortune to 
kill, to which he added herries or ponnded roots. 

In process of time he learned to make rough tools 
and weapons from pieces of fliqt, which he chipped to 
an edge by striking them together. When he had thus 
succeeded in shaping for himself a spear-point and had 
discovered how to make a bow and to tip the arrows 
with a sharp splinter of stone, his condition changed. 
He now felt that he was a match for the beasts he had 
fled from before. 

Thus armed he slew the reindeer and the bison, used 
their flesh for food, thsir skins for clothing, while he 
made thread from their sinews, and needles and other 
implements from their bones. He had advanced from 
his first helpless state, but his life continued to be a 
constant battle with the beasts and the elements. 

His moral natnre was on a level with fiie intellect. 



Kxojsjjrrs vsom the school books $9 


No questions of conscience disturbed him. Im every 
case of dispute might made right. 

Hia religion* was the terrors inspired by the forces 
and convulsions of nature, and the dangers to which 
he was constantly exposed. Such we have every reason 
to believe, was the condition of the Cave Man who first 
inhabited Britain and the other countries of Europe 
and the far East. 

D. H. Montgomery, Leading Facts of English History. 


At this point {of his upward progress] Man entered 
what we now call the Stone Age more than fifty thous¬ 
and years ago.—From this point we can now hold in 
our hands the very stone implements which early man 
used. We can distinguish, in the early examples of 
their handiwork which still survive, three successive 
ages, which we may call the Early Stone Age, the Mid* 
die Stone Age, and the Late Stone Age. t 

THE BABLT BTOHE ACE. 

The Life of the Early Stone Age.—European savages 
entered the Early Stone Age over fifty thousand years 
ago—perhaps much earlier. In order to secure their 


* It is not thought that any of the Lower Paleolithic races 
such as are referrred to above, had any religions conceptions 
whatever. It is believed there was some glimmering of the sort 
in the case of the Cro-Magnon ra<ee but even wijh them not much 
above the stage called Animism. Anthropologists Judge such 
matters from what has been ascertained concerning existing 
tribes of savages in much the sane cultural stages as different 
ancient Enropean races In different ages. 

t These three ages correspond with the Lower Paleolithic* 
the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages. 





.so 


rax school aoofs a anfOLimojt 


food they followed the life of hunters, roaming about 
in the great forests which covered much of western 
Europe. In that distant age Europe presented a trop¬ 
ical climate, and tropical animals filled its forests. 
Huge beasts like the hippopotamus wallowed along the 
banks of the rivers in the region which is now France 
and England. The fierce rhinoceros charged through 
the jungles. As the hunter fied before them he caught 
glimpses of gigantic, elephants plunging through the 
thick tropical growth. At night he had no hut or 
shelter in which he might take refuge. He slept on 
the ground wherever ha happened to be overtuken by 
darkness. 

Earliest Flint Weapons and their Preservation.-^- 
These early hunters gradually improved their first 
rough stone weapons and tools. They finally succeeded 
in producing what we now call a fat-hatchet. It was 
a roughly shaped piece of hint, with a ragged edge 
sharp enough to use for cutting and Chopping. Some¬ 
times such stone weapons wfere lost on river banks and 
were gradually covered by sand, gravel and Boil which 
has since collected there. Thus buried they are found 
to-day in large numbers along the rivers of England, 
Belgium and France. Along with them are often found 
the bones of the large tropical animals we have men¬ 
tioned, which long ago disappeared from their Euro¬ 
pean haunts. 

• The Coming of the Ice.—For thousands of years the 
life of the hunter wept on with little change. H$ 
slowly improved his rough stone fist-hatchet and he, 
probably learned to make additional Implements ol 
^ood, but of these last we know nothing. Then he 




aXCff&m PJ&OM THX SCHOOL BOO&a 


61 


began to notice that the aij of his forest home was 
toeing its tropical warmth. Geologists hare not yet 
found out why, but as the centuries passed, the ice, 
which all the year round still overlies the region of 
the North Pole and the summits of the Alps, began to 
descend. The northern ice crept further and further 
southward until it covered England as far south as the 
Thames, The glaciers of the Alps poshed down the 
Khone valley as far as the spot where the city of Lyons 
now stands.* ..... The hunter saw the glittering 
blue masses of ice, with their orown of sne^w, pushing 
through the green of his forest abode and crushing 
doWQ vast trees in many a sheltered glen or favorite 
hunting ground. Gradually these savage men of early 
Europe were forced to accustom themselves to a colder 
climate, and many of the animals familiar to the hunter 
retreated to the warmer south, never to return. 

THE MIDPLS STONE AGE. 

Remains of Middle Htone Age Man in Caverns.—The 
hunters were unable to build themselves shelters from 

• This reference to the Glacial Period is rather to it regarded 
as a whole without taking note of its several stages. The prior 
tropical climate is especially applicable to the Second Intergla¬ 
cial epoch. The last retreat of the ice mentioned farther on waa 
that of the Fourth Glacial Epoch which did not cover any wide 
area of Europe, The author says in a footnote: 

“Geologists have now shown that the ice advanced southward 
and retreated to the north again no,less than four times. Fellow, 
iug each advance of the ice. a warm interval caused its retreat. 
There were four warm intervals and we are now living in the 
fourth. The evidence now indicates that men began to make 
slone implements in the third warm interval, The last advance 
of the ice therefore took place between us and them, ft ia per* 
haps some thirty thousand years ago that the ice began to come 
south for the last time.; See map a ud. diagram in Time*, 1 ' 






P'O'gtTT YSA33 fN NORTH DAKOTA 


62 


tbe cold they therefore took refuge in limestone caves, 
where they and their descendant) continued to live for 
thousands of years. This period we call the Middle, 
titone Age. Century after century the sand and earth 
continued to blow into these caverns, and fragments of 
rock fell from the ceiling. The masses of rubbish ac¬ 
cumulated on the cavern floor, and in one case it was 
as much as forty feet deep. To-day we find among all 
this rnbbish also many layers of ashes and charcoal 
from the cave-dwellers fire, besides many tools> weap¬ 
ons and implements which he used. These things 
disclose man’s further progress, step by step, and show 
us that he had now left the old fiist-hatchet far behind 
and had become a real craftsman. 

The Industries of Middle Stone Age Man.—The tiny 
chips still found at the door of his cave show us how 
the hunter must have sat there carefully chipping the 
edges of his flint tools. By this time he had a consid¬ 
erable list of tools from which be could select. At his 
ekbow were knives, chisels, drills and hammers, polish¬ 
ers and scrapers, all of flint. With his enlarged list of 
tools he was enabled to shape pins, needles, spoons 
and ladles, all of ivory or bone, and carve them with 
pictures of animals he hunted in the forest. The fine 
•ivory nesdles show that the hunter’s body was now 
protected from cold by clothing sewed together out of 
the skins of animals be had slain. He also fashioned 
keen barbed ivory spear points which he mounted, 
each on a long wooden shaft. He had also discovered 
the bow and arrow, and he carried at his girdle a sharp 
flint dagger. 

Middle Stone Age Art.—-These Middle Stone Ag# 




EXCEftFIS FROM. THE SCHOOL BOOK* 


63 


hunters could not only draw, but they could also paint 
with the greatest skill. In tthe caverns of southern 
France and northern Spain their paintings have beei^ 
found in surprising nnxnbers in recent years. Long 
lines of bison, deer or wild horses cover the walls and 
ceilings of these caves. Sometimes they are only carv¬ 
ed on the rock wall; but many are painted in oolera. 
They are all startling in their lifelikenees and vigor. 
These paintings,—made at least ten thousand years 
ago,—together with the cartings on the hunter's ivory 
and bone weapons form the clearest art io the whole 
career of man, in so far as we know. 

THE LATE STONE AGE. 

Last Retreat of the Ice; the Late Stone Age.—At, 
length the climate again grew warmer and became 
what it is to-day. The traces left by the ice would leac\ 
us to think that it withdrew northward for the last 
time propably some ten thousand years ago. Men of a 
different race from those of the Early and Middle Stone 
Ages had meantime invaded western Europe. These 
men had learned that it was possible to grind the edge 
of a stone ax or chisel as we do now with tools of metal. 
They were also able to drill a bole in the stone ax head 
and insert a handle. The common use of the ground 
stone ax, after the retreat of the ice, brings in the 
La*e Stone Age. Traces of the villages and settle¬ 
ments of Late S.tone Age Man have been fpupd through¬ 
out all Europe, except in the extreme north. 

[There follows next in detail an account of th£ pro¬ 
gress attained by Neolithic Man.] 

Late Stone Age Barbarism *11 around the Mediter¬ 
ranean.— Thus far we have followed man's adv^LO x e 

Z; '*k S «.* ' >• * 




THE fcCHOQL BOOEB AND EVOLUTION 


S4 


only in Europe. Similar progress had also been made, 
by Stone Age men all around the Mediterranean; that 
is. about 4,600 b. c., not only in Europe but in Asia, 
and especially in northern Africa, mankind had reach* 
ad about the same stage of advancement. 

History of Europe Ancient and Medieval, Breasted 8c Rob¬ 
inson. 


Life of Primitive Man.—F ossil remains of primi¬ 
tive man afford good evidence of his appearance. Like¬ 
wise a knowledge of his environment furnishes us with 
additional evidence of the lifs and activity of primitive 
man. Finally, primitive men of to-day reveal to us 
yrhat our own ancestors were like centuries ago. From 
these three lines of reasoning, we are able to recreate 
primitive man in our imagination. 

Let us take, for illustration, the primitive type of 
Neanderthal man, so named from the valley in Ger¬ 
many where his remains were first discovered. Similar 
discoveries have since been made in caves from France 
to Hungary and we infer that Nernderthal man was a 
common type centuries ago In Europe. Skeletons of 
the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros found with him 
seem to show that he lived in the great Ice age. There 
have been discovered sufficient of his bones to give a 
fairly good description of this early man. Neander¬ 
thal man was short and massage in structure and of 
powerful frame. The thick bones show large muscle 
attachments and we infer that he was therefore strong 
and muscular. He must have been a thick-necked 
individual carrying his bead tilted slightly backward. 
Tbe joints show that he walked upright with a slight 




EXCERPTS FROM THE SCHOOL HOOKA 


6$ 


band of the knees. Neanderthal man was just becoming 
accustomed to a permanent upright position and walk¬ 
ed with a shuffling gait. Such was the ancestor of a 
Urge number of present European peoples. 

If we let the width of a man’s thumb represent the 
time that has elapsed between the present time and 
the first dawn of history told by the pyramids of Egypt, 
the length of a walking stick would represent the age of 
the human species. In other words, man’s prehistoric 
life is many tithes the length of the historic. 

Burch 8c Patterson, American Social Problems. 

NoTK.—If those who chance tq come to this booklet arc 
unfamiliar with standard works on Prehistoric Man, quite 3 
general view of the details of the subject may nevetthelees be 
gained from the foregoing quotations taken as a whole. Works 
on the subject are apt to contain maps, diagrams, illustration*, 
tables, discussion of problems and, Resides, many details. 

Relation to Evolution. 

Thebe are three theories as to the nature and origin 
of species, explaining in diffeaent ways their geograph¬ 
ical distribution on the globe. 

The first theory is that each species, by a fiat of the 
Almighty Creator, was suddenly called Into existence, 
with all of Us special characteristics, at some oije spq| 
on the globe (called the center of dispersion of the 
species), and that from this center it has spread by 
various means of migration to the region it now natu¬ 
rally inhabits. This theory further holds that eaeh, 
species, though capable of slight temporary modifica- 
tfons, is specially designed to inhabit a particular 
climate and soil, *n4 that it is essentially firmed anq 



THK SCHOOL BOOKS AND EVOLUTION 




unchangable in its character; so that if the environ¬ 
ment becomes unfavorable it dies out, as many species 
hare done in earlier geological ages. 

The second theory considers the species even more 
unchanging than does the first. It supposes that each 
originated by a special creation of many individuals at 
several centers and including the different varieties. 

The third theory holds that species are not fixed and, 
unchanging—that the capacity to vary allows the spe¬ 
cies in different generations to be changed in accordance 
with natural laws and thus to become adapted to new 
conditions. It supposes that new species arise gradual¬ 
ly from the old, that the species now living upon the 
earth are the modified descendants of extinct species 
which lived in earlier geological ages, and that the life 
has been continuous from the most ancient geological 
times. 

The wide gap which exists between man and the 
animals is produced by his intellectual and spiritual 
nature rather than by peculiarities of physical form, 
ypt even in this respect he stands at the head and it 
the highest type of organic creatures. 

There are four theories as to the origin of mankind. 
Three are identical with the theories already stated 
regarding the origin of other species. The fourth is 
that the human bod? is the result of natural develop¬ 
ment and from lower types of life, while man's spiritual 
nature is a epecial endowment of the Divine Creator. 

Warren’s New Physical Geography. 

The Abobvt of Man.—T he evidence that man, like 
other animals, has descended from ancestors who were 
unlike himself is regarded by qati^ratysts as couclosive. 

■i' ’ • 



KX0ERPT3 FROM THE SCHOOL ROOKS 




The difference in mental capacity between the moat 
brutish man and the most manlike animal, is so great 
that many people hesitate to believe that they are 
descended from a common ancestor. The physical 
differences between men and the higher animals do not 
seem so great. 

Dryer’s Wessons in Physical Geography. 

The Horse. —The horses now in this county are 
Jfot natives, bnt were introduced from, the old world; 
the Indians did not know the horse till after what we 
call the “discovery” of Arperica. Still, America did 
have horses in earlier geologic periods, and the history 
of the development of the horse as shown by fossil 
remains (largely found is this country) is exceedingly 
interesting. The earliest form was about the size of a 
fox and had four well-developed toes in front, with s 
rudiment of a fifth and three toes behind. Later arp- 
p^ars a form with four toes in front and three behind^ 
yWen came a horse about as large as a sheep, with only 
three fully developed toes in front, the fourth repre¬ 
sented by a rudiment, but still having three toea in 
the hind foot. Later still the outer toe became reduc¬ 
ed to a mere remnant. Thea came a form about the 
size of a donkey, with three toes all around, the middle 
toe persisting and the two Ion each side becoming 
dwarfed. Finally, the one toed horse was evolved/ 


• We haye never seen the argument for Evolution derivable 
from the aucestry of the horse fairly and candidly mat on the 
part of those who oppose the doctrine, dneering at any array of 
facts does not constitute any answer to whait the facta may imply. 
For the sake of contrast with the above school book quotatiom let 
»s hear Wm. Jennings Uryan: “He (Darwin) launched a guess 
Upou tbe world With nothing (jO support it and it has iived ftyf 





THIS SCXOOL BOOK8 AND W0LNTW4 


#6 


tiie single toe being the middle ons of tha fire, that i*, 
corresponding with crur middle toes and middle fingers. 

Zoology, Descriptive and Practical, Colton. 

A ORE AT DISOOVERY. 

The Theory of B volution.—The discovery of the 
theory of evolution, in the last century by Charles 
Darwin was almost as epoch making as the discovery 
of America by Columbus. The latter widened the 
geographical horizon of the Middle Ages and the for¬ 
mer the intellectual horizon of our own times. Both 
men died disappointed and misunderstood. Before the 
days of Darwin, thinkers as far back as the ancient 
Greeks had hinted at what we now call evolution, just 
as they had also guessed that the world might be round 
and that the Bast might be reached by sailing west¬ 
ward. But the predecessors of Darwin bad no more 
permanent results than the Viking explorers who 
caught glimpses of America before Columbus. Let as 
remember in concluding our comparison that neither 
of the two discovers was right in every respect. Later 
discoveries proved that Columbus had not reached 


sixty years without uourlshmeqt-r-uot on* single species havinf 
been found which can be traced to another. And yet. evolution¬ 
ists insist that all of the more than a million species came by 
gradual change from one to a few invisible germs of life.” 

Andrew D. White in his ‘'Warfare of Science with Theology” 
relates that tha venerable Noah Porter, once president of Yaln 
College, had a habit of mildly arguing to classes of students that 
the theory of evolution had no tangible evidence to support it; 
and that the effect on their minds might be imagined when they 
crossed the campus to the museum and talked with Prof Cope 
who was just completing the setting up of the skeletons of tha 
ancestors of the horse, and had there before their eyes a visibly 
43iacmatration of evolution. 





KXOJpKPTfi FBOM THE SCHOOL BOOKS €9 


the Indies and that the world was larger than he had 
imagined. Later researches have changed seme of 
Darwin's theories and we have found that the theory 
of evolution reaches into fields beyond biology. Both 
men were pioneers biasing the trail for others to fal¬ 
low; both ushered in a new era of thought. 

Charles Darwin, the great English biologist, was 
born in 1809. the birth year of so many illustrousmen. 
He spent four years upon a voyage around the world in 
which he succeeded in collecting many valuable speci¬ 
mens and much important scientific data. About the 
middle of the last century, appeared his first book ou 
the “Origin of Species" and later a second work 
entitled “The Descent of MaD." These books are 
important because they contain a full statement of 
biological evolution with numerous examples drawn 
from different fields of nature. Their publication, 
caused a storm of protest which continued long after 
his death in 1882. 

In order to understand the nature of Darwin's dis- 
covery let us see what evolution is and what it is not. 
The popular idea of this theory is far from being ex¬ 
act. In the first place the existence of God is not 
denied n©r is it stated that man is descended from the 
ape.* In brief, Darwin’s theory of descent is, that all 
existing species have sprung froo^a few simple primi¬ 
tive types. It asserts the relationship of all forms of 
life and traces the story of how, from ft few simple 


* Darwin himself did not claim that man was descended 
directly from the ape. We had nevertheless that J. M. Tylor in 
his work "Neolithic Man in Northern Europe’* makes the human 
race to have been evolved from apes and places man’s birth Plata 
on or about the plateau ©f Iran in central Asia, 




7C 


THU eOXOOSi 900X3 AND XfOLVWM 


vaicellar forms, have .arisen the numerous complex 
end multicellar organisms now in existence. Man and 
mapy of the lower animals have come frem the same 
biological stock. 

Proofs of Evolution.—Since Darwin’s death new avi- 
dence has been discovered in support of his theory of 
descent. present w« have five main arguments in 
its fayor. 

Comparative anatomy shows very striking similari¬ 
ties of structure in man and the higher animals. In 
comparing man with the other primates, the ape for 
example, we find similar structures bone for bone and 
muscle for muscle. The similarities of the skeletons 
are apparent to the most casual observer in a antenna 
ef natural history. While we think of his hairy cov¬ 
ering as distinguishing the ape from man, the difference 
U merely one of quantity due to the fact that man’s 
environment no longer calls for such protection. A 
close inspection under the magnifying glass will show 
that almost the whole human body is covered with hair 
and its slant, notiqafily in the arms, is tfie same as may 
b$ observed in the ape. 

There are in the human body, as in other higher 
animals, numerous rudimentary or, mure properly 
speaking, vestigal organs. The horse at on* time had 
four toes which he has since lost in the loag process of 
pyolution. A close examination of the hoof will reveal 
vestiges of what were once fully developed tons. In 
human beings the pineal gland and the vermiform 
appendix are examples of what we call vestigal organs. 
Many organs, which are now functionless in, man, are 
found active and useful in some of the lower animals, 
^he conclusion drawn from these facts is that there 





iXOBEFIS FfiOM TETK SCHOOL BOOKS 


71 


must hare been a time in man's earlier history w%en 
these organs did function and were of use. For exam* 
pie, we have traoes of muscles behind the ears which 
formerly served to move them. The coccyx of the 
human spine is a reduced relic of what once functioned 
as a tail. At the inner angle of the human eye is a 
fold of tissue which has no meaning unless it be ex¬ 
plained as a remnant of that third eye-lid which in 
many lower vertebrates* like the birds, it greatly de¬ 
veloped so that it may be drawn over the whole eyeball 
inside the lids. 

A human infant shortly before and after birth re? 
sembles some of the lower forms of life. Pictures of 
the human embryo at different stages of development 
seem to show that it passes through the same success 
sire stages of development as the species has gone 
through in the process of evolution. This is known 
as the recapitulation theory. The human embryo at 
an early stage resembles a fish and, later on, some of 
the higher invertebrates. At one stage of develop¬ 
ment it is impossible to distinguish between the human 
embryo and that of one of the higher apes. After birth 
the human infant has a remarkably strong finger grip 
and an ability to sustain its own weight by hanging 
with its hands. 

If the above reasoning is correct, there muBt hava 
existed at one time or other primitive ancestral types 
from which man has evolved. Therefore, search has 
been made for the so-called missing links, that is for 
types midway between man and the higher apeB. This 
has resulted in the discovery of a number of vary im¬ 
portant fossil remains. For example, it is now po&sibla 
fyy a series of actual skeleton remains tq trace the evo- • 

i 




TH* hCHUXtf. »00<e ARi. xvohwno* 


-—-----T 

Jufcioo of the horse back to a creature not much larger 
than a dog, which possessed four toes instead of the 
present hoof. It is likewise possible by means of fossil 
human remains to trace man back to* a time when he 
was just emerging from a more primitive and ape-like 
form. The first discovery of any importance was made 
la a cave near Dusseldorf, Germany. On the island of 
Java there have also b<eea discovered fossil remains of 
a creature which, must have walked erect but whose 
brain capacity midday between man and the ape, 
-Numerous later discoveries in England, and upon the 
continent of Europe fiaye filled the gape in man’s past 
fitstory. The geological deposits in which they are 
found and the rock strata above them tell as approxi¬ 
mately when each type lived and we marvel at the, 
humble beginnings of our species and at its great an¬ 
tiquity. 

Hugo de Vries, a Dutch botanist, has shown how 
sudden variations of a permanent character called 
mutations may also produce new types, just as Darwin’s 
slower method of natural selection was shown to pro¬ 
duce the survival of the fittist by preserving favorabU 
and,eliminating the unfavorable- If new types can he 
produced before our very eyes, how oan we doubt that 
the process of selection took place in the past f > They 
change slowly with changes of environment or else 
tlhey parish. 

American Social Problems, Burch & Patterson. 

u [Thus far with excerpts from school books bearing on the 
theory of Evolution. There are several rao?<^,. pages in the 
book quoted that continue the topic. We havt) seen no othe; 
school book th^t goes so far into the subject as this one does.? 



XXCBHPTS FRO U THS SCHOOL BOOZfl 


79 


3.-rOn Early Jewish Hiatorjr. 

.$oatK of the school books occasionally touch upon Old 
Testament Jewish history under the caption “The He¬ 
brews’' and in connection with the Chaldean Empire 
when dealing with ancient times and ancient history. 
Here again there is apt to occur in some instances a 
lack of harmony with the views of the literalists. In 
like manner the rise of Christianity is sometimes taken 
Into account in connection with the Koman Empire. 
The school hooks deal with the early Hebrews just as 
they do with the Hittitea and Phoenicians. 

The French and Indian ware of America were once 
looked upon by writers in this country as so many 
unrelated episodes. Modern writers now view those 
wars in a more concrete form. Collectively, so far as 
waged on American soil, they were a struggle between 
Great Britain and France for the possession of North 
America. Similarly, the early conflicts in what is now 
Syria, Palistine and the Tigris Euphrates valley, wa* 
a stuggle of different peoples to possess or to hold the 
grass lands of the Fertile Orescent or different portions 
of the same. 

An inspection of a map will show that the north 
Arabian desert extends into ftyria forming a convex 
end at its northern termination. Much farther north 
there is a semi-circle of mountains, beginning north¬ 
east of the head of the Persian Gulf and extending 
around through Armenia and southwest to Palestine, 
the mountains of Lebanon being part of this semi-cir¬ 
cular range. Between the mountains and the Arabian 
desert there is a zone of grass lands where winter rains 
furnish pasturage for part of the y$*r. Pa^stij»e fie* 



74 


THJt feCHOOI, BOOKS ASD OTGU7TTOV 


in the aonthwest horn of this Fertile Creeeoent and 
the Tigris-Knphrates valley is in the ©astern side of it. 
The Crescent lies open toward the south and the dis¬ 
tance across it east and west, is fully 600 miles. 

To ancient times when property mainly consisted of 
grazing a aim sis, the Fertile Crescent was contended 
for by tribes of nomadic herdsmen, particularly from 
tAe Arabian desert, and diverse peoples around and 
within the Crescent led to wars, nation against nation. 

According to some school boohs the Hebrew raee 
were originally desert nomads from the desert country 
south of Palestine. In some prehistoric period some 
part of this 8emitlc race got possession of Paleetine 
tind became civilised enough to build walled towns to 
protect themselves in the possession of tbat portion of 
the Fertile Crescent. They became tributary at times 
to Fgypt and Babylonia, the latter rsce introducing 
their Baal worship. Traders from the east introduced 
fmong the Canaanites the caneiform system of writing. 
In this period they likely became somewhat intermixed 
with non-8emitic races. Snch was the origin of theOn- 
naanites, often referred to in the Old Testament. “And 
the Canaanite then dwelt in the land.'* 

The desert nomads of northern Arabia were worship¬ 
ers of Yahweh (Jahveh, Jehovah) a Thunder god whoee 
dwelling-place was on Mount Sinai, although* the 
Egyptians undisturbed thereat, carried on the mining 
of copper there as early as 4000 B. a During the reign 
of the Hyksos.or Shepherd Kings, over Egypt, a tribe 
of the desert nomads were allowed to settle in Lower 
Egypt where they became agrioalturiats, the Kykaoe 
regarding them a» a kindred race since both of these 

races were of Semitic origin. 

t ' 



'ZTVES.VW ?R<JK THR 9CKOOL BOOKS 


7 * 


Meantime other men of the desert country, perhaps 
vfith some knowledge of how their kinsmen were faring 
in Egypt, began intruding into Palistine and settling 
arouDd the walled towns. The Egyytians, who were 
of the H&mitic branch of the while race, had driven 
tao Semitic Hyksos out of Egypt and finally they en¬ 
slaved the Semitic Hebrews within their borders, re¬ 
garding them as an alien race. Between 1200 and 
1300 B. c., an irruption of the desert tribes into Pales¬ 
tine occurred and they now began taking possession of 
the wailed towns of the Canaanites. About tbattime, 
the enslaved Hebrews in Egypt, taking advantage of 
a war of the Egyptian government with Nubia, left 
in a body of some five thousand families, under the 
leadership of Moses, and returned to the desert coon- 
try. Doubtless they later bore some part in the con¬ 
quest of the hill country, which occupied a long time. 
The invaders neither drove out nor extirpated the 
Canaanites but in course of time absorbed them into 
a single nation—the Jews of ancient times. 

The foregoing is an example of history "reconstruct¬ 
ed, 11 of which the modern school books, along with 
their rejection of the supernatural and mythological, 
are beginning to make some use. The frequent re¬ 
lapses of the Jews from the worship of Yahweh "to 
serve other gods," is easily explainable in the light 
9 f the reconstructed history. The seizure of Palestine 
by the desert nomads fits in sb part of the struggle for 
the possession of the Fertile Crescent. 

There are two other items that may be mentioned 
in connection with the above and which presumable 
are not known to those who are familiar with the Olo 
Testament. The first is that the pillars, standing, 

r _ „ » . 4 " 




7*1 


ftia.-sotrootf. 5 asu Evotimost 


- --- — —> — ■ — -y - . -■-» — ■ , W wr'np mn 

atones, sacred groves and high place* (altars upon 
bill tops) bad come down to the Canaanites from tha 
Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The second item concerns 
the Philistines. Originally they were a non-Arya%. 
race of unknown orlgiD who inhabited Crete, southern 
Greece, and the Aegean islands in the Bronze Age. 
They were conquered by the Aob»an Greeks who em* 
grated from the region p.f the Danube. The Greeks 
called their predecessors Pelasgians. Many of these 
people remained in their old-time haunts; others took 
refuge in Asia Minor, while a section of them were 
transported in Phoenician ships to the east coast of 
the Mediterranean south of Tyre- These expatriated 
people were the ancestors of the Philistines who find 
mention in the Old Testament. We will now present* 
some extracts from books used in high schools. 

The Patriarchs.—As the Phoenicians were men of 
the sea, so the early Hebrews were men of the desert. 
They appear first as wandering shepherds on the edge 
of the Arabian sands. Abraham, the founder of the 
race, emigrated from “Ur of the Chaldees,” about 2000 
9. c. He and his descendants, Isaap and Jiacob, lived 
and ruled as patriarchal chiefs, much as Arab sheikf 
do in the same regions to day. The JB.ook of Genesis 
tells their story with a simple charm that mak^s it the 

best known history in the world. 

1 

The Egyptian Captivity.—Finally, “the famine wjjts 
sore in the land.” This famine seems to have caused 
oue of those periodic invasions of Babylonia by tribes 
of the desert, already mentioned. Jacob and his »onB, 
however, with their tribesmen and flocks, sought re¬ 
fuge in the other diract^on* crossing into $gypt. 



KXCiCtirtT^ psov thz school aooxs 


77' 


they found Joseph, one of their brethren, already high 
in royal favor. Tfl« rulere of ^gypt, at this time, too, 
the H^ykaos, themselyes originally Arabian shep¬ 
herds. Accordingly, the Hebrews were welcomed 
^cordially, and allowed to aettle in the fertile pasturage* 
of Goshen, an Egyptian di&trict near the Red Sea, 
where flitting Arab tribes have always been wont to 
encamp. Thus the life of the Hebrews was at first 
not so much changed by their change of home. Bat 
soon the native Egyptian rule was restored by the 
Theban pharaohs “who knew not Joseph.” These 
powerful princes of the New Empire reduced the He-* 
brews to slavery and employed them on tbeir great, 
public works, and “made their lives bitter with hard 
bondage in mortar and in brick and in all manner of 
service in the field.’* Three centuries later, while the 
Egyptian government v(as iD a period of we&knegs and 
disorder, the oppressed people escaped to the Arabian 
desert again. 

Settlement in Palestine.—In their flight from Egypt 
the Hebrews were guided by Moses. Though a He¬ 
brew, Moses had been brought up as a noble through 
the favor of an Egyptian princess, and “was learned 
?n all the wisdom of the Egyptians/' Dpt “it came to 
pass in those days when Moses was grown, that ke 
went out unto his brethren and looked on ihelT bnr- 
dens.” With splendid courage, he gave up his pleas¬ 
ant life to share their hard conditions, and he became 
their leader and lawgiver. 

For a lifetime the fugitives wandered to and fro ix* 
the desert, after their ancient manner; bat they were 
now a numerous people and had become accustomed 
to fixed abodes. About o fJ ft*tw 



2.8 2£Z8 SCHOOL BOOM ASn SVOLSmCHI 

whom &oas 9 had tamed over the leadership, they 
began to conquer the mountain valleys of Palestine. 
Tasn followed two centuries of bloody warfare with 
their neighbors, some of whom had long before taken 
on the civilization of Babylonia. The most powerful 
of their enemies were the Philistines who held the coast 
between the Hebrew mountain valleys and the sea. 

Ii was from these people, indeed, that Palestine took 
its name. 

[It is not necessary for our purpose to follow tbs school 
books io what they present in regard to early Hebrew history 
any farther than their occupation of Palestine, bat we will 
snake use instead of souse school b>?k excerpts convening the 
religion and literary achievements of the race.] 

The Paith in One God.— The Hebrews added nothing 
to material civilisation; they did not profit the world 
by building roads, perfecting trades, or inventing new 
processes in industry. Nor did they contribute direct¬ 
ly to any art. Their work was higher. Their religi¬ 
ous literature was the noblest the world had seen, and. 
has passed into all the literature of the civilized work); 
hut even this Is valuable not so much for its literary 
merit as for its moral teachings. The true history of 
the Hebrews is the record of their spiritual growth 
as a people. Their religion was infinitely purer ami 
truer than any other of the ancient world; and out qf 
it was to grow the religion of Christianity, 

" Among other ancient nations individuals had risen at 
times to noble religious thought; but the Hebrews 
as a whole felt strenuously tba obligation of the mors* 
taw, and first attained to a pure worship of one God. 

tfo doubt the Babylonian osptiyity helped tp rqkka 
this faith universal, Thy few dtrote.dfissn and woqy^ „ 


&£9 liSrlfT PZOM imPOL BOOBS 


7 * 


who fouad tkair way back to Judea through bo many 
hardships, were indeed a “chosen” and sifted people. 
Amoug them there was no more tendency to idolatry. 
The faith of the patriarchs and prophets became the 
soul of a nation,—as a later and higher development 
of that faith wa« to become the soul of onr whole civ¬ 
ilisation* 

i 

The Aacieat World; From the Earliest Times to 8oat a. d. 
W< M. West. 


Hebrew invasion of Palestine (about 1400 to 1200 
a. o.)—The Hebrews were all originally men of the 
Arabian desert, wandering with their flocks and herds. 
For two centuries, beginning about 1400 b. c., they 
were slowly drifting over into their final home In 
Palestine, along the west end of the Fertile Crescent. 
When they entered It the Hebrews were nomad shep¬ 
herds and possessed very little civilization. A south¬ 
ern group of their tribes had been sieves in Egypt 
but had been induced to flee by their heroio leader, 
Hoses, a great national hero whose aeheivemente they 
never forgot. He led them out of Egypt. 

On entering Palestine the Hebrews found the 
Caaaanites dwelling there in flourishing towns with 
massive walls. The Oanaanites had learned from 
Egypt the manufacture of onaoy valuable articles of 
commerce; from Babylonia the caravans had brought 
in bills and lists written on clay tablets, and the C** 
naanites had thus learned to use the cuneiform writing. 
The Hebrews settled on the land around the towns ©f 
the Oanaanites and slowly mingled with them until 

the two peoples, Hebrew end Can^nite, had becqipc 

' ' 






m 


7XTt CG899L aCJOSX AS TO XVOV9T£9* 


039 . Br this procws tha Hebrews gradually adopted 
the civilisation of the Canaaniteu.* 

Almost in the center of the Plain of Shinar roae * 
tall tower. It was of sun-dried brick, for there waa no 
stone in ail Babylonia, It was the dwelling of Eulil, 
the great 3ume?ian god of the air. The tower served 
as an artificial mountain, probably built in memory of 
some ancient temple on a hilltop in the former moun¬ 
tain home of the Sumerians.* Similar towers became* 
common in the Plain of Shinar, and it was a temple- 
tower in Babylon which later gave rise to the story of 
the “Tower of Babel" among the Hebrews. The* 
Sumerian temple-tower was the ancestor of our church 
steeple. 

The Unknown Historian, Earliest Writer of History 
(Eighth century b. c.).—Thoughtful Hebrews began 
to feel the injustice of town life. They saw among tbe> 
rieh townsmen showy clothes, fine horses, beautiful 1 
furniture, and cruel hardheartedness toward the poor. 
These were things which had been unknown in the 
simple nomad life of the desert. Men who chafed 
under such injustices of town life turned fondly back 

A The Sumerians or Accadlan race were the earliest people 
known to have occupied the Plain of Bhlnar, They are thought 
to have been a Turanian race, poss bly a blend of the White and 
Mongoloid races. When they came into the Plain of Bhlnar front 
the north they were leaving their Stone Age for that of Brenze 
and had domesticated cattle. The Accadians are supposed by 
some to have been the inventors of the use of bronze and Iron, 
unless the metalic arts were independently developed by different) 
peoples. Tribes of Semites from Arabia later migrated to tha 
Plain and blending with the Sumerians produced the Chaldacan 
people of history. Other migrations from near tb$ Persian Gtrlf. 
grew into the Babylonian and Assyrian 




3TSOM TMfi SCHOOL SKPOS& 


81 


to 'he grand oid days of their shepherd wandering® 
out yonder or the broad reaches of the desert where* 
no man “ground the faces of the poor/’ It was a gifted 
Hebrew* of this kind who sow put together a simple 
narrative history of the Hebrew forefathers—a glori¬ 
fied picture of theirshepherd life. He told the immor¬ 
tal tales of the Hebrew patriarchs, of Abraham and 
Isaac, of Jacob and Joseph. These tales, preserved 
so us in the Old Testament, are among the noblest 
literature which has survived from the past. They 
are the earliest example of historical writing in prosa 
which we possess among any people, and their name¬ 
less author, whom we might call the Unknown His¬ 
torian, Is the earliest historian known to the ancient 
world. 

The Hebrews Learn to Write.—'While all this h\4 
been going on the Hebrews had been learning to write. 
The people of Western Asia were now abandoning the 
clay tablet and beginning to write on papyrus with 
the Egyptian pan and iak. The Hebrews borrowed 
their alphabet from the Pheonician and Arameaw 
merchants. The rolls containing the Unknown His¬ 
torian’s tales of the patriarchs or the teachings of such 
men as Amos were the first books which the Hebrew® 
produced— their first literature. But literature re¬ 
mained the only art the Hebrews possessed. They 
had no painting, sculpture or architecture, and if they 
needed these things, they borrowed them from their 

* Author's footnote:. “Unfortunately we do not know Wr 
name, for the Hebrews themselves early lost all knowledge of hie 
name and identity and finally associated.the surviving fragments 

hia work with the nairve of Moses,’’ 







92 


IHE 9CKC0L BCL« ANI> EVOLUTION 


great neigh bore, Egypt, Phoenicia, Damascus and 
Assyria. 

The Qreat Unknown Prophet Answers. Hebrew- 
doubts.—Forced to dwell in a strange land [daring 
the captivity in Babylonia] the Hebrews were more, 
than ever faced by the hard question: Was Isaiah 
right? Or did Yahveh dwell and rule in Palestine 
qnly? We hear the echo of their grief and their on* 
certainty in some of their surviving songs. 

Had they not left Yahveh behind in Palestine? And 

*• ■ 

then came an unknown voice* among the Hebrew ex- 
lies, and out of their centuries of affliction gave them 
the answer. In a series of triumphant speeches this 
greatest of early Hebrews declared Yahveh to be the 
creator and sole God of the universe. 

Monotheism Reached by the Hebrews in Exile.—? 
Thus had the Hebrew vision of Yahveh slowly grown 
from the days of their nomad life. Then they had 
seen him only as a fierce tribal war god, having as they 
thought, no power beyond the corner of the desert 
where they lived. But now they had come to regard 
him as a kindly father and a righteous ruler of all tfe* 
earth. They had reached it only through a long de< 
velopment, which carried them through Buffering and 
disaster. History of Europe Ancient and Medieval, 

Breasted and RobiDson. 


• Author’s footnote: “This unknown voice was that of a 
great poet-preacher of the exile whose name has bean lost. But 
his addresses to his fellow exiles are preserved In sixteen chapters 
embedded in the Old Testament book now bearing the name of 
Isaiah (chaps, xl-lv, inclusive). We® ay call him the Unhno^ra. 
frophet.” 




£*0*8FTS ?UOM T3S gCHO^L BOOKS 


8ft 


4.—Christ and Christianity. 

J»*U 8 of Nasareth was born, probably in 4 B. o.,* at 
£ 8 thiehem, a hamlet of Judea. He grew up the sou of 
a humble carpenter in an obscure corner of the Roman, 
world. In 26 a. d ., in the reign of Tiberius, he began 
to teach publicly throughout Judea. The poorer peo¬ 
ple in the country districts heard him gladly; and the 
priests, angry at his quiet disregard of religious cere¬ 
monial, begaa to fear his influence. Judea waa seeth¬ 
ing with discontent at Roman rule, and the masses 
were looking eagerly for a miraculous Messiah to ap¬ 
pear, to lead them iu a glorious war against the foreign 
conqueror and to restore the Jewish empire of David 
and Solomon, Many of those who gathered about 
Jeeus believed that he would do these things. In vain 
did he declare to them, “My kingdom is not of this 
world," and urge that they should “render unto Caesar 
the things that are Uaesar’s." 

These expectations and the rumors among the people 
gave a handle to his enemies. To destroy him the 
prieats declared that he called himself King of the 
Jews, and that be was stirring up rebellion against 
Rome. 


• Author’s footnote: “The date of Christ’s birth was com¬ 
peted six hundred years later by a Greet monk. We know now 
that the monk put the date at least four years too late. Bom® 
scholars think the true date was iho year which we call 7 b. c.,but 
the whole question of exact dates iu Christ’s life is obsenye.” 

The monk, who established the Christian chronology a. d. t>27 
was called Dionysius ExiguuB, or tennis the Less. Freviouslj 
\he Christian worid had used the Roman and Greek systems of 
chronology. 





fH£ SCHOOL 8)0X8 BTOLUTItlJf 






tiie highest Jewish tribunal declared him guilty, 
»ut it could not impose a death penalty without the* 
qpprovai of the Roman goyernor. That officer, Pontiu* 
dilate, declared that he found no truth in the charges, 
^ut with careless Roman contempt, he let the clamor¬ 
ing priests have their way, and delivered Jesus to them 
to he crusified with two theives. 

[The above is followed by * sketch of t^e Apostle Paai 
:&« rise of Christianity.] 

W. M. W®*t, The Ancient World. 


Rise of Christianity.—Among all the faiths of the 
orient [that had been introduced into Roman Europe] 
the common people were more and more inclining 
toward one whose teachers told how their Master, 
Jeans, a Hebrew, was born in Palestine, the land eft 
the Jews, in the days of Augustus. Everywhere they 
told the people of his vision of human brotherhood! 
and of divine fatherhood. This faith he had preached! 

■t • 

for a few years, till he incurred the hatred of his cotus 
trymen, and in the reign of Tiberias they had put Mm 
to death. 

A Jewish tentm&ker of Tarsus named Paul, a man pt 
passionate eloquence and unquenchable love for bis 
Master, passed far and wide through the cities of Asia 
Minor and Greece, and even to Rom®, proclaiming his 
Master’s teaching. He left behind him a line of de¬ 
voted communities stretching from Palestine to Rome. 
Certain letters which hcLwrote in Greek to his follower* 
were circulated widely among then? ted were read 
with eagerness. At the same time a narrative of th® 
Master’s life had also appeared and wqs no* widely 




jexoKitFta jutow r *'B«r soaooL book?' 




read by the common people. There were finally four 
reading biographies of Jesus io Greek, which came to 
he regarded &s authoritative, and these we call the 
Gospels. Along with the letters oi Paul and some other 
writings they were later put together in a Greek hook 
now known in the English translation as the New 
Testament. 

Superiority of Christianity.—The other oriental 
faiths, in spite of their attractiveness, could not offer 
to their followers the consolation and fellowship of & 
life so exalted and beautiful, so foil of brotherly ap¬ 
peal and human sympathy as that of the Hebrew 
Teacher. The slave and the freedmau, the artisan and 
the craftsman, the humble and despised in the large 
barracks which sheltered the poor in Rome, eagerly 
listened to the new “mystery” from the East, sa they 
thought it to be. Ae time passed, multitudes learned 
of the new gospel and fonud joy in the hopes which it 
awakened. In the second century of peace Christian 
Ry was rapidly outstripping the other religions of the 
Homo Empire. 

History of Europe Ancient *od Medieval. 




IV. 

EXTRACTS, NOTES AND COMMENTS 

Concerning the Fundamentalists. 

W E ha?e already referred to tbe Fundamentalist* 
at the beginning of section III of thie booklet 
bot supooaing that collectively they can be regarded 
as a religious cult, we shall now go farther into details 
in tbe present connection in regard to their beliefs and 
opinions, certain predjudices, their aims and intentioaa, 
their attitude toward certain social functions, evolution 
che higher criticism of the Bible, also toward wbat ie 
the commonly accepted conclusions and teachings of 
modern science. This last item in especial forms a crite¬ 
rion by which one may judge the intelligence and intel¬ 
lectual status of any cult, sect, or class of people. 

The Fundamentalists have attracted sufficient at¬ 
tention from the press and otherwise, to be referred to 
by a variety of names besides the terra used above, 
such as literalists, dogmatiets, extremists, separatists, 
conservatives, medievalists, obscurantists, cranks and 
pre-millennialista. In this connection it may be ob¬ 
served that in England the followers of Wesley did 
not themselves originate the designation ' Methodists" 
by which they are universally known to-day; on the 
contrary, it was first leveled at them in derision by 
their opponents; but being found applicable to their 
religious way of life and doctrines they adopted it 
along with “Wesleyans," and later added to it th* 
term “Episcopal," or Id- E. Church. 


srr&iar; hot*.* asd commas re 


i? 


It is said of the Fundamentalist that in respect to 
Biblical Interpretation they ate characterised by a 
severe literalism. With th8m the Bible from cover to 
cover is the inspired Word of God. They do not, there 
fore, hold the view of some preachers of the evangelical 
churches that the Bible is inspired only in respect 
te> moral and spiritual matters. This, the Fundament* 
aliats say, would be a Bible "inspired only in spots,” 
ar>,d they want nothing to do with one of that kind. 
The church confessions have never in their creeds cr 
otherwise attempted to defiue exactly what inspiration 
consists of, or in just what way and manner the Bible 
is inspired, nor what the limitations of the authors of 
the various books of the Bible may have been. This 
leaves the question open to theory and hence there are 
several theories of inspiration just as there ere also 
different theories concerning the nature cf the dcctri^e 
of the Atonement. Th* old-fashioned view of Bible 
inspiration, called verbal inspiration, was to the effect 
that in some way or other the Almighty had dictated 
every word and sentence of the original text of each 
book of the Bible. This extravagant theory is utterly 
untenable, since, with each successive copying of the 
manuscripts, to say nothing of errors of translation, 
the purity of such originally inspired wording of the 
books began to be frittered away and lost. No biblical 
scholar nor intelligent theologian now holds the verbal 
inspiration theory. 

Just what their interpretation of the record of the 
aix days creation, contained in the first chapter of tb# 
book of Genesis may or may not be, we have not been 
able to gather from snch of their books and other 
publications that we have read. Perhaps on tbit 
1 



JKS SCHOOL BOCH2 AUD BVOLBT1CH 


88 


subject £> variety of opiatoa ia allowable ad In the ease 
ijf church people geaer&Uy. At all events, the writers 
« 2 aoag the Fundamentalists seem as if they are some* 
whst cautious of running up against any of the things 
taught &s facts iu the public schools. But they accept 
ail of the books of the Bible as historical where these 
fcre of that order, including the books of Esther, Jonah 
and Daniel, also what purports to be narrations of 
facts in other books, such as tbe Flood, the confusion 
cf tongues at Babel, the plagaes of Epypt, incidents 
that include the miraculous, ascensions and some other 
particulars which the school books now reject, either 
openly or by implication. 

They further hold to such doctrines as those called 
justification, sanctification and regeneration, things 
which concern the soul of man. Their view of the 
doctrine of the Atonement is of tbe old-fashioned sort, 
although other theories of that doctrine are current 
ajnong the theologians They make considerable use 
of a personal devil who, as Satan, bears a part in their 
pre-millennial doctrine. The demonology of the New 
Testament is of course fact to them, if not accepted by 
some other religionists. They also believe in a literal 
hell. Their standard anthority, aside from tbe Bible, 
when interpreting matters of doctrine, is the writing? 
of John Wesley. 

Without taking into consideistim evils that meet 
with merited condemnation on the part of the evangel¬ 
ical churches and the best classes of society alike, 
there are besides a number of other matters to whioh 
the Fundamentalists stand opposed, and which will 
now be given some attention. It £oes without saying 
$jbat in regard to certain religious cults such as Mptwop* 




**r«±cr* xoT*» ive commuto 



Dowieism, Russellism, Spiritualism *nd the like, 
the/ manifest a decided oppositien if the/ have occa¬ 
sion to refer to them at ail; then the/ are also opposed 
to the Unitarians and the Christian 8eientists. The/ 
are also hard down on what is called the New Theolog/. 
There is a large contingent in the Methodist Church 
*hat has been increasing in recent /ears, yho either 
accept the main results attained b/ the higher criticism, 
or who are indifferent whether their pastors are partial 
to this alleged infidelity or not; toward this group also 
the Fundamemtalists feel hostile. 

In regard to social functions, the Fundamentalist* 
are opposed to dancing, to the worldly pleasures of the 
present time including swimming pools and anto joy 
parties of the young people, to showy dress, to church 
fairs, to theater going and the moving picture show. 
The latter proclivity they extend to the u?e of them, 
in churches for educational purposes, though in thin, 
respect the pictures projected on the screen are apt to 
pe stereoptican rather than produced by any real movlw 
machine. No discrimin&tiou is made between secular 
and religious or biblical subjects; the objection lies in 
using a church for any sach purpose at all. 

The opposition of the Fundamentalists to varieua 
matters extends to the province of the educational, a* 
exemplified in the public schools, colleges, theological 
seminaries and universities. There are two factors if^ 
this connection against which their publications are 
ever inveighing, not only in single articles, bnt soms- 
times in series continued from week to week. These 
threatening apparitions are Evolution and the Higher 
Criticism. The FundamentalieU class both together 
as equal in merit for infyielty, as regarded from th^d r 



Tars jk.ho ol bccks ane STOTtcrxiOBi 


1X1 


reSigiouj stand poist. Of course bctb of these factor* 
ARJlify literalism and some of the statemenU is th* 
creeds of the denominations, if accepted as they reed. 
Is their opposition to the doctrine of evolution, the 
^mdamontalists have William Jennings Bryan whom 
come newspapers call a “medievalist/’ for their chief 
exponent, and in respect to opposition to the higher 
criticism, that is dilated upon rather profusely iu their 
papers, books and pamphlets. Their slogan appears 
id be “Back to the Bible,” that is, as it was understood, 
and Interpreted by John Wesley and his coadjutatorsia 
the eighteenth century, and this regardless of the pro. 
gress since made in biblical knowledge, scientific dis¬ 
covery and the growth of oritical intelligence. 

At this point we will present some items concerning 
their complaints coining from themselves as expressed 
iu their assembly addresses or otherwise; also two or 
three newspaper notices in regard to them. We hav<* 
already stated that the Fundamentalist writers seen* 
shy of making any open and unequivocal attacks oa 
certain teachings in the public schools * The word 
“schools” is sometimes need by them in a condemn*- 

• The late PAstor Bussell wse rather outspoken in regard to 
this subject. |In the preface to a verbosely written set of book* 
called '‘Bible (studies” he smd; “Not only are the great College* 
and Seminaries undermining the faith of the better educated’ 
bnt the Common School books, aud especially those used in the 
High 8chools. are similarly inculcating a distrust in the Bible, 
a oontradicticn of Its teachings* For a college graduate of to-day 
to declare his faith in the inspiration of the tcrlptures would 
bring upon him the scorn of his companions—a scorn which few 
would court, or could endure.” 

Pastor Russell died November 1.1916. on an east bound train In 
Kansas. The orthodox obar ged him and his sect with twebrs 
special heresies 






axrsftOT.i turn** ain> uoMiiarB 


n 


'•*} *&y t btu with do marks to iadicate whether they 
moan the public or the denominational schools where 
the kind of institution is not specified. The following 
U from a circular and while the word school is avoided, 
undoubtedly has refereoc® to the public schools. 

’•Oar children are being taught that the Word of God is 
act inspired, that Jesus was not divine, that we are aot creat 
td in the image of God, bat descended from the monkey, sad 
«B»uy other hurtful and dangerous teachings that will event' 
< 5 .illy destroy their souls in bell.’'* 

Tbe next item is from a message or address of an 
association called the American Methodist League, 
which assembled at Wiluuure, Ky., May 26, 1922. In 
this case the public school is. plainly indicated among 
the alleged disseminators of skepticism against which 
complaint is made. 

“It is a well known fact that a popular aud arrogant akep 
deism is boldly writing its question marks over every fund*- 
menial doctrine of our Christianity. This skepticism is dis¬ 
seminated by the daily press, the weekly journal, monthly 
magazine, popular works of fiction, and not infrequently ia 
gome of the text books of our public schools." 

The next three items are of the nature of clippings, 
from the public prints. In part they seek to explain 
what Fundamentalism is and its tenets. 

•‘The purpose of the Fundamentalists is to re-establish 
medieval orthodoxy. They hold to the literal inerrancy of the 
Scriptures, a special creation, total human, depravity, the vir¬ 
gin birth, the atonement by blood, the ultimate damnation of 
most of mankind, and all the other dreary dogmas of tbe D*rl 




2HX SCHOOL ttOVXS AMD WTQtATTlOM 


92 


\£ti. Chief emphjuis is 1*13 9a ths second coming, whioh 
they dtelare is right at the doors." 

The Fundamentalists "must be considered as chose who 
accept the Bible as the ultimate authority and contend for a 
literal interpretation of the aame. This group Is strong Ip 

colored by the sacoqd coming doctrine." 

• 

<*Fuadamentaiism, then, Is a protest against that rational 
Uttc interpretation of Christianity which seeks to discredit 
sapernaturalism. * * 

Evolution god the Higher Criticism. 

In launching upon the scientific world In 1659 hi* 
theory of Isolation, LUrvia at first made converts of 
only three or four scientists cf hi* generation who 
ware his personal friends. The majority of British nea 
of science held back, probably remembering ths r«oep 
don on the part of the British pnblio accorded to ft* 
anonymous book published in 1844 and called "The 
Vestiges of Creation," whioh, for that time boldly 
advocated evolutionary views and was the otuse of 
Hugh Miller being prompted to write one of his books. 
Two French writers had published works on the auk- 
ject earlier in the century, but they did not have so 
great an array of facts to draw upon ae Darwin, a 
skilled naturalist, possesesd. Evolution was in the 
air daring the deoade of the fifties and the theologians 
and some scientists had been In dread lest this theory 
should emerge into public view and become popular¬ 
ised, or at all events, beoome a subject of wide-spread 
discussion. Therefore the publication of the “Origin 
•f Species" precipitated a theological conflict shared 
Id by nearly all denominations which, tasted netH the 





9ft 


cltifee of Sho eontury whoa it wa* geasraliy abandoned 

usstoai 4t tb*fc time the adherents of the doctrine 
had largely incre&ssd, comprising men of all profea* 
siona, bat mainly, they were of the new generation. 

Mow when the evolutionists became aware of theif 
increasing numbers and that they included influential 
persons and some prominent educators, they appear ta 
have reached a mutual understanding to get possession 
of the educational institutions of this country, forbore 
wo are speaking of America. They began with the 
state institutions, unirersities. agricultural college* 
end normal schools. These not being under theolog¬ 
ical control, came into their possession an easy prey. 
Then they reached out after the secular colleges and 
little by little they have gone into their possession. 
Nor were the graded schools overlooked. During the 
greater part of the lest century those who prepared 
the books used in the common schools were careful to- 
keep out of them any of the conclusions of science r> 
long as these were subjects of religious controversy— 
the age of the earth, the antiquity of naan, and lastly 
evolution—evidently fearing injury in some quarters 
to a favorable reception of their books. The conflict 
over evolution having generally subsided, the evolu¬ 
tionists began infiltrating their doctrine into the com¬ 
mon school books, the teachers at the same time b«^c 
evolutioniaed in the higher institutions of learning. 

Meanwhile they had tbeir eyet on the theological 
schools of the different denominations and so far a* 
possible they determined to have them, in this instance 
through the agency of the higher criticism. Those ©f 
the Methodist Church presented tfce least lines of re- 
sistance and the denominational schools of that sets 



rux SCHOOL ROCXrf A£fD S FDLUTi'OW 


£4 


in particular are now coutroled by the higher critic#- 
U is, perhaps, a general fact that the higher critics npir 
folding positions in the denominational schools are 
evolutionists, while on the other hand, evolutionists not 
thus employed are advocates of the higher criticism,. 
for the two factors mentioned seem to be ontwiued 
one with the other. 

It appears that in teaching evolution in theoollegea 
and universities the tutors at first felt their way along 
cautiously, as if to test the question of reoeptivity os 
the part of the students, perhaps confining illustration* 
wholly to the animal world, and treating the doctrine 
merely as a theory. As late as the middle of the first 
decade of the new century the publisher had an inter¬ 
view in his home with one of the faculty of the state 
university and in answer to a question regarding tba 
method used in teaching evolution to a class of the 
students, he stated that the professors were not in tbs 
habit of teaching evolution in any dogmatic manner^ 
their talks to classes when the subject came up being 
so shaped as to leave the students to inf** that much 
more was meant than the words spoken expreeeed. 
We psesume that similar methods were at first in 
vogue in the theological seminaries touching the high' 
er criticism, since in their case the faculty realized 
the necessity of greater caution than a state university 
need exercise; besides, in the theological schools thoea 
views would seem revolutionary to most of the students 
and contrary to their home teachings. 

Modern higher criticism of the Bible began in 
France, Holland and Germany in tbe last half of the 
eighteenth century. IJendbooka on tbe ecbject pyb~ 



trcsss ajjd COMMENT'S 


m 


fished in iliin country usually give a history of tbU 
i't&r&ry movement. It was not until the late si*tie§ 
of the nineteenth century that it entered England by 
reason of a book published by Bishop Colensoof Natal 
which raised a theological storm in Great Britain, both 
against the bishop and his criticism of the Pentatevoh. 
Before the end of the next decade the higher criticism 
began gaining a foothold among English literary men 
a? popularised by Matthew Arnold. 

In this country the higher criticism began to attract 
the attention of theologians in the eighties. President 
Harper of the Chicago University had a discussion on 
the subject with Professor W. H. Green of Princeton, 
which was carried on in a quarterly called the He bra- 
r.oa, each party taking an opposite view point. Soma 
thought that if such discussions continued these new 
views would make little difference to the Bible; others 
saw that it was a revolutionary thing and that th« 
Bible would not emerge from the controversy as it 
went in. Along about the beginning of the present 
century, trouble arose in Union Seminary, New York, 
and heresy trials were threatened. Finally the Pres 
byterians repudiated that institution altogether, da 
Glaring that it had ceased to represent their doctrines. 
McLane Semin ary, Cincinnati, wae likewise cast of. 
As late as 1907 Prof. H. G. Mitchell could practically 
be ousted from the position he held in Boston Univer¬ 
sity, the Board of Bishops fnilicg to reappoint him. 
According to the FundamenaUsts there are three theo¬ 
logical institutions in the northern elates and east of 
the Mississippi river, that are veritable hotbeds of 
evolution and higher criticism. These institutions are 
the Boston University; Methodist; the Chicago Univcr® 




rai iCflf JOi. 300 xs astd StfOfjmCWf 



*ity, Baptist; and the Northwestern University, Ev¬ 
anston, 1H , Methodist. And many others thruout th*. 
country which they regard as more or less tainted with 
foe same heresies. Fundamentalist papers accuse the 
standard church publications of criminal negligence 
fa refusing to n>tice or discuss these things. 

At the beginning of the new century some obarcb 
people were inquiring what (to them) this new term 
"the higher criticism" really meant. In a baccalau¬ 
reate address the president of Wesleyan University, 
Bloomington, Ill., thus explained its meaning: “An 
Inquiry upon the part of earnest scholars, nearly all of 
them devout Christians, into the authorship, the date, 
the circumstances under which written, the materials 
used, of the books which form our Bible.” 

In 1902 Bishop Ninde of Illinois had occasion to 
address the alumni of Northwestern University and 
touching the higher criticism, he said: "We do well 
to grant the largest liberty in the investigations of the 
Bible. Suppose we do admit that Moses did not write 
the Pentateuch and that there were two Isaiahs, shall 
we at once throw up our hands and cry, ‘All is lost, 
our Christian faith is destroyed V With all the changee 
in belief that have followed the investigations of the 
Scriptures, the founndatiena will not be undermined.” 

Commenting editorially on the bishop's address, the 
Chicago Record-Herald said: ‘‘The fact that every 
utterance of Bishop Ninde in favor of the higher crit 
icism was enthusiastically cheered by the two hundred 
members of the alumni, all of whom are active clergy* 
men, is a hopeful sign of the times in the religious 
world. The church should cot give comfort to th» 
assailants of Christianity by intolerant at tit 




Xic ;* Z?n 1SOTM 4»D OOMMCST* 


9T 


toward investigation and research. The foundations 
at Christianity are laid deeper thao the authorship of 
the Pentateuch. The higher criticism cannot disturb a 
faith that is rooted deep down in the heart which hat 
demonstrated its power through centuries of history to 
influence human conduct in such a way as to bring 
about th3 highest form of civilisation,” 

President E. M. Smith of Bloomington University, 
already quoted, very sensibly remarked during the 
delivery of his address: “So far as the higher critlea 
give ua facts, which can bo essentially verified, these 
facts must be recognised, and should be readily and 
the result cannot fail to be a better understanding of 
the word of God. So far as they may give ui only the 
ories and speculations, or results attained by doubtful 
methods, their theories, like other false theories, will 
soon perish. There is no cause for alarm.” 

The same year a certain Professor Pearson in the* 
Methodist university at Evanston, published a pam 
phlet in which he made bold to assert that the sooner 
the M. E. Church dispensed with its belief In miracles, 
such as are recorded in the Bible, the batter it weald 
be for that church organisation, whereupon an outcry 
was raised against him not wholly confined to its 
membership. In this instance the newspapers sided 
in with church people so far as to say that while Prof. 
Pearson bad a right to his opinion of miracles as au 
individual, still* as a tutor in a theological school, he 
had no right while drawing ft salary from that matita- 
tion to make use of his position to disseminata views 
that were destructive of the creed of the denomination 
that controled the school. Thereupon Peof, Pearecn 
resigned his tutorship at Evanston, 



raa w j t«i ujou ixo 


IK3 


- ■ • -~ — ■■■ ..»».» ■ ■, ■», io■" . » ■ | « . - —■ . I —.» n 0mm ^ 

H r c ccay uIb'j act© a dO>ffl«vuAi analogous case eight¬ 
een years later than the Pearson episode. J. X. Rice, 
ace cf the faculty of the Southern Methodist Univer¬ 
sity, Dali a*, Tex., published a booh entitled “The Oli 
.testament in the Life of To-day," which seems to ha?» 
?eeo written in accordance with both science and the 
Tsain results of the higher criticism. Prof. Rice may 
have been indiscreet in a choice of some of hia terms, 
for me are toid that be calls Moses "a master roagD 
dan,” speaka of the Israalitish prophets as "howling 
dervishes,” and ridicules the book of Jonah, together 
with what to the liter&lUts are many other heresies 
vYe no not find that standard Methodist church papers 
objected to the book, while a Texas bishop gave it hii 
endorsement. But the PanJifncntalisfts abundantly 
made attacks on the book and gave it a pretty thor 
ough doctrinal airif g, or, ae might ».#y, advertising* 
including many quotations trom it. Professor Rice 
thereupon resigned his position in the university bul 
later was given a ? litorals, i{>*3var, the president 
of the university gave it to be understood in print that 
his institution btocd for Prcf. Kice, ard what soeros 
significant for a Hcuthern religious institution in these 
later times, as contrasted eitb the beginning of tha 
century, is the fact that the students, some six hundred 
in number, proclaimed in a body that they also stood 
for the author of the book mentioned. In the oerller 
period students, supposedly prompted by clergymen 
opposed to higher criticise, sometimes reported thai 
this or that member of the faculty in the institutions 
they attended were indulging in higher critical views* 
and evidently for ths purpose of having these offending 
tutors reprobated h? the church authorities. 




I'i bk,hqI v*i> 


n 


1 ) advocate* of the higher eriticiica ka this country 
%•<J confessedly a minority, but, generally, they are a 
veil-read and scholarly claia of men. Besides roost e? 
?bs faculty of tha tbj*l>gioal colleges in the northern 
jtacc?. the “destructive critics,” as their opponent® 
f sU them, iuelcde many of the bishops, district toper- 
intended* and clergymen of the Methodist Church 
*od faany of the membership of that church organisa¬ 
tion. To a less extent the other evangelical churches 
are represented. Then there are others in all o/ the 
walks of life, particularly literary men, who, to a 
^renter or less exteat, accept the higher critioal view 
of the Bible. Now to the FuudamenaHsts all this is 
infidelity, aud hence they say that the present time Is 
a perilous period for the churches and religion. 

There is certainly prevalent a wide contrast be twee u 
the beliefs and opinions held by many church people 
io present times as compared with thoee held fifty and 
more years ago. We remember reading in the editorial 
department of the Century Magaxiue back in the nine¬ 
ties, the statement that educated Christians no longer 
regarded the Bible in (he same light as had been the 
case forty years previously, and Sunday School teach¬ 
ers were advised to be careful not to make aDy claims 
for any of the books of the Bible which those books da 
not themselves make. The literaliata have not been 
in the habit of heeding such advice and controversy is 
naturally the outcome. 

In regard to the friction existing between literal)*!* 
on one side and the classes specified above on the other, 
gome publication has remarked: "The cause of the 
trouble is the development of a company of teachers 
and preachers in various bod'iets wkp belittle, iten? 



I'HK SCHOOL aOOU AXD KVQ&3T209 


,»J 0 


*nd oppos« nearly, if not ail, the fundamental fact* of 
historic Christianity. Their infidelity is alleged to 
fczceed that of Tool Paine or lugersol!.” A* to their 
pretence in such force in the theological colleges, the 
Fundamentalist* are apt to say by way of explanation, 

“While we slept the enemy stole In and took posses 
*,ion.” 

We shall now present some short extracts taken from 
the writings of Fundamentalists relative to evolution 
and the higher criticism, and which express the spirit 
and views of that class of religionists. 

“ All our evil trend* to-day have their rapt* in Evolution, 
fund it* deductions. The wide-spread falling down of moral*, 
the simultaneous desertion of the house of God by our young 
people, and the overflowing of the play-houses and place* of 
pleasure, not of a high and intellectual or aesthetic order, hat 
almost purely sensuous in their character, all this flows from 
this animalistic, and in the last analysis. Atheistic cult. 

“There can be no gronnd for compromise; either Moses n 
false or Evolution is false. Either Christ was a conscious fraud, 
ar an endorser of a false Cosmology and Anthropology, because 
he knew no better. 

’ i 

“Can we who know better, sit any longer silent and allow 
these men to dominate oar schools, colleges, uinverthiev, tod 
even our most influential pulpits?” 

“In America the hypothesis of Evolution has become in 
certain circles a sort of twentieth century orthodoxy that a 
man must accept or else be ostracized from the company of 
intellectuals.” 

“It is a general fact that, with a few exceptions, the prom¬ 
inent scientists and scholars of the world at this time are evo¬ 
lutionists, and the majority of the'outspokca leaders of thought 
in our great colleges and universities are evolutionists ” 



MUTJM AND (X)MJi£NrdE 


10* 


"The satire tendency of the evolution theory is to atheism, 
^altitudes of its followers will cot admit so much. On their 
yWa confession, the authority of our faith has perished, and the 
sacred convictions of past centuries have been swept forever 
away. They no longer believe in oar God; they no longer 
believe in an infallible Bible; they no longer believe in the 
Virgin Birth of Christ nor any other essential feature of his 
deity." 

“Let those who have espoused this brute-theory of life do 
the apologizing and defending. Right should never allow 
itself to be put on the defensive. Those who believe ia the 
origin of life as revealed in the Bfcble and endorsed by Christ 
at once assume the offensive and attack evolution on every 
part of the ground. There can be no compromise. The 
origin of life as taught in the Bible and the origin of life aa, 
taught by evolution, are utterly antagonistic; they virtually 
destroy one another. Both cannot be true. They are logical, 
contradictories. Thousands have tried to harmonize them and 
only have gucceded in destroying the Bible account of the 
origin and nature of life.” 

“Christian pareqtB may not be aware of the extent to which, 
the religious faith of their children is being undermined by a. 
hypothesis—a guess—without a fact in the Bible or in nature 
to support it. It rests wholly on the imagination and is de¬ 
fended with fiction that surpasses tha Eldest sights ef the 
Arabian Nights ” (Bryan) 

“The great dominating idee of the present age is evolution. 
The aasumed truth of evolution is far more than half of th* 
argument for all radical Biblical criticism. 1 ' 

“Our schools, colleges* seminaries and universities, with, 
here and there am exception, axe so swtfirate-d with evolution 





Tff« rt’jrf iXM, HJord AMD EVOLUTIOH 


i02, 


destructive critici im of the Bible, infidelity, new theology, 
* theism, e»c., that revival* are impossible within their in¬ 
fluence. " 

“It is not criticism, bat the bias of Darwinism in philosophy 
and a deep-seated heart attitude of self-assertive, self-sufficien¬ 
cy, that is the cause of the controversy. Nearly every chief 
doctrine of the Christian Faith is being denied/' 

“We are in an age teeming with religious problems. The 
times are infected with doubt and skepticism. Mach of th1 s 
is due to the kind of education that is baing given in oar 
Colleges and Seminaries/' 

“There is nothing in common between the Bible anal de¬ 
structive criticism. The two are opposite as the poles. The 
Bible is Revelation—criticism is Infidelity." 

“The deadly poisonous breath of modern criticism is spread 
sag all over the Methodist systems. Infidelity has slain its 
thousands, but destructive criticism its tens of thousands/' 

“Higher criticism is destructive, rather than contractive. 
It is adverse and not advanced criticiism. Assuming, asserting 
and pre-supposing are the determining factors io this malicion* 
critical movement. These critics axe all rationalists. Reasow 
is their God." 

“One is astounded at the number of schools, the very f<raat~ 
ain-heads of our intellectual and religious life, that are be~ 
-coming poisoned with skeptieal teaching and the number of 
ministers that are boldly speaking ont against the very fwnn- 

datiou principles of divinely revealed religion. Shall we sit 

✓ 

still ? Shall we let the false teachers sow broadcast within 
■our schools, from our pulpits, end through our literature 
teachings entirely contrary to the ord of God and CferUt;*4 
creeds ?" 




SZQMi&CA NOfJUs A5D OOMttftNTd 


10* 


’Modernism in oar schools and colleges has fallen victim to 
atheism, skepticism, higher criticism and all sorts of question* 
atble teaching which u prated oat to oar papils and held up te 
them as the latest and most up-to-date things to believe.' 1 

"Day by day, through the weeks aad months, and the year 
round, daily papers, monthly magazines, scientific journals, 
attractively written fiction, hooks on philosophy and science, 
books on history and ethics go out to the multitudes, with a. 
tainted leaven of skepticism, which is rapidly permeating oof 
entire society, breaking in upon schools and churches sad 
destroying the evangelistic faith. M# 

The Fundamentalists have a habit of making their 
attacks on Evolution under the name of Darwinism, as 
if that was the only theory of the development hypotb 
3«U; moreover, they call it a discredited scienoe, and 


* In 1881 the conservatism of the daily press, magazines and 
ether literature In this country in regard to di*cuss:ng certain 
phase* of religious and biblical subjects, was rudely shaken by. 
the North American Review which admitted to its pages twaf' 
articles on the Bible and Christian Religion, by R. G. lngeraoll, 
which Jeremiah Black endeavored to answer. There were fowf 
lengthy articles In the series, the last by George I*. Flsber of Yale 
College who wrote from a neutral standpoint relative to the Con¬ 
troversy. A magazine called The Arena was next started tq 
exploit hitherto generally tabooed questions. That same yeas 
Bronson C. Koeler, Chicago, said in a small book on the Biblical 
Canon, as viewed from the higher critical standpoint: 

"There is not an orthodox religious newspaper In the wof>4 
that will publish the facts concerning the origin of the Bibt^, 
which are given in these pages; there is scarcely a magazine in 
America that will publish them, and it is but recently that any 
newspaper would do so.” 

Little by little the conservatism of the previous generation wall 
broken down to something like what a Fundamentalist wrftef, 
complained of in the last item quoted above. 







r»fi! riBvKM- %V<HAX£LOra 


itH 


oaa of then wnteru lias published a book bearing the, 
uUJo "?b.o Collapse of Evolution.” If evolution hat 
Ooliapi»©d, where is the aeceasity of continually making 
attacks on the doctrine, and why does it continue to ba 
t*aght in edaeationai institutions? The troth of the 
ipatter is, evolution has not collapsed tod no sciential, 
woald affirm that it has. He might admit that Dar¬ 
win's theory of Natural Selection is no longer used as 
p working hypothesis. A person may be an evolution¬ 
ist, but cot necessarily a Darwinian, for there am 
several theories of evolution. The Fundamentalist* 
endeavor to convey the imprearion that evolutien is a 
discarded doctrine, w hich is by no means the oase. 
The propagation of wrong impressions for polemioal 
purposes is discreditable to any religious cult and will 
not help whatever they champion. One of their writ¬ 
ers candidly admits that the majority of men of science 
and leaders of thought are evolutionists (p. 100); and 
hence the doctrine is consistently mailed. 

There are only two alternatives to the evolutionary 
question; either the tens ef thousands of species that 
have lived during several millions ot years of geolog¬ 
ical time were separately created at innumerable in¬ 
tervals. or else they cams by evolution. The leaders 
of thought consider the last alternative as being the 
most philosophical ard reasonable, and that it is in 
accordance with the geological record, as geologist* 
understand that record. Frof. Edward \Y\ Berry of 
the John Hopkins University says: “Evolution is not 
a theory of origins, nor an article of scientific faith, 
bat an indisputable fact/' and Prof. Bateson, the Eng* 
lish biologist, also said at the Montreal meeting pf 
scientists in December, l#2l, “Evolution is a fact.** 



WiKSPT# MOTJTH A »D (XM-MmVS 


10* 


»iiO Fundamentalists have used for an argument 
Against evolution the simile that no one ever witnessed 
she chingins of thia or that sort of animal iato another 
of a different species. Ho long as physical conditions 
raaiiin a lalterei ia the habitat of a species there can 
eusue no change. In regard to the point mentioned, 
Prof. Berry also save, ‘‘Show us one species changing 
into another, and we shall believe in evolution says the 
bigot, expecting to see an Alice-through-the-looking 
glas3 transformation of cits into dogs or rabbits into 
porcupines, not realizing what a species is, or the 
sU.vnsss with which very obvious uew characters are 
acquired as measured in terms of human years. lf [ 
they had been present during any 70 years of geologi¬ 
cal time, they would have seen no more evidence of 
evolution than they see to-day.” 

To turn again, though briefly, to the higher criti 
cism. “The Problem of the Old Testament,” a book 
written by Prof. James Orr, of Glasgow, Scotland, 
whose works are fairly well known in this country, is 
a work that the Fundamentalists endorse. Prof. Orr 
states in his book that the literary phenomena which 
started the higher critical movement going are there 
in the Old Testament, howeyer they may have gotten 
there. Prof. Orr was not in favor of the using of 
abusive language in either critical or religious con¬ 
troversy. In the preface to the book mentioned he 
remarks: “Those who expect to find in it a wholesale 
denunciation of critics and of everything that savours 
of criticiem will be disappointed. The author is doc 
of the opinion that much good is accomplished by the 
violent and indiscriminating assaults on the critics 
sometimes indulged in by very excellent men, The 



lUti 1BE JMH* QL IkASfi ft.JED XVOLDTIOK 


which the critics present must be met in a calm, 
temperate and scholarly way, if it is to be dealt with 
to the satisfaction of thoughtful Christian people. On 
the other hand, those who come to the booh expecting 
to And in it agreement with the methods and results of 
the reigning critical schools will probably be not lesq 
disappointed. The author has here no option.** 

The Fundamentalists are opposed to the teaching of 
evolution for reasons easily understood; they being 
bible litem lists can see plainly that the hypothesis 
and its component part—the antiquity and primeval 
condition of man—are utterly incompatible with the 
biblical story of the creation and fall of man, either of 
these scientific views nullifying the doctrine of the. 
atonement as this doctrine has commonly been under¬ 
stood by church people. Evolution and prehistoric 
man are matters that in an educational way pertain 
to the high school, the college and the university; on 
the other hand, the higher criticism and its teaching 
is a matter of many of the theological institutions and 
not a few pulpits which often reflect views being taught 
in the denominational schools. This “new theology” 
of course, is likewise under the condemnation of the 
Fundamentalists and could hardly be otherwise. 

The Science of the Fundamentalists. 

"*t ; - ,' S' * 

In the last work that Hugh Miller prepared for the 
press which bore the title ‘‘The Testimony of the 
Rocks,” he included a chapter concerning the writings' 
of those who were opposed to the teaching of the facts 
of Geology, and for the purpose of exposing their folly 
*tid ignorance. This wfta la 1856 and Miller remar bed 




XAMi gorge a»& oo4UI«ni» 


107 


that for the fourteen preceding years he bed aubmK- 
ted to their assaults without provocation upon hie 
part and without reply. These assailants were usually 
churchmen but not invariably so; tbey were the Fun-- 
damentAlists of their time and assailed Geology on the 
same principle—alleged conflict with the Bible-—that 
tba same class are doing now in respect to £yolutioa 
&ud the Higher Criticism. 

In the preceding excerpts from the writings of the 
literalists no attempt was made to comment on their 
opinions, whether warrantable or not; but in this 
section wherein the quotations trench upen the field 
of physical science a different procedure will be fol¬ 
lowed. It should be observed that in regard to the 
$rst excerpt quoted, we have broken it up into short 
paragraphs with numbers attached so as to facilitate 
ready reference to each part commented upon. 

4 ’During the Glacial Epoch the greater part of the a or there, 
hemisphere was covered with a vast sheet of ice. Hers ta 
America this ice sheet extended as far south as Cincinnati, 
and crossed the Ohio into Kentucky a short distance, (i) 

“The waters of the Gulf of Mexico extended as far up the 
Mississippi as St. Louis, and covered all of the west to the foot 
of the Rocky Mountains and all east of the Mississippi to th« 
foot of the Alleghanies. The natural effect of the encroach*- 
ment of the vast moving ice sheet would be to depress the land 
and back up the waters uttfil they swept over the highest 
places, and even submerged the mountains. (2) 

“This probably explains the phosphate deposits about the 
mouths of the Ashley and Cooper rivers in South Carolina* 
During the Glacial Epoch that was evidently high ground to 
which the animals flocked to escape the waters that were 
being backed »p by the roarch pf the ice. ^ At length thu lyad 





103 


IBB HOilOOL IKK* HU aJlD IfOUTTIOH 


*i»o < 7 a.a covered with water* aad the great multitudes of the 
animals perished, their bones making the phosphate beds that 
now fertilize our fields." (3) 

1. There is nothing at the initial beginning of the 
article quoted to the extent of a few lines that need 
detain us with any dissenting opinions. The words 
could have been gathered from a high school, college 
or university text-book, and so far do not run counter 
to siublished authorities. 

2. A Fundamentalist said in 1922 that Wright's 
Ice Age in North America “was of course standard" 
meaning that it was a matter to be taken for granted. 
We have made some criticism of the book in question 
on page 12 and pointed out its one serious defect. It 
should be borne in mind that at the time it was first 
publishad opinions among geologists in rerard to the 
interpretation of the evidences in hand were somewhat 
unsettled or in a state of flux. Whether Prof. Wright 
ever revised his work so as to bring it into accordance 
with the findings of the U. S. Geological Survey or not 
is a point upon which we lack information, but if such 
was not the case it follows that his work cannot be 
spoken of a9 standard at this day. Ultimately Prof. 
Wright abandoned his contention of one glaciation 
only. Now the Fundamentalists appear to be willing 
generally to endorse Prof. Wright’s scientific views. 
Subsidence of the land probably brought the waters 
of the Gulf as far up the Mississippi Valley a» St. 
Louis at the close of the Kansan or second glaciation. 
That the country between the Alleghanies and Rocky 
Mountains was submerged is a statement Prof. Wright 
would have rejected and eipphatic*!!? would be h»v* 



KXOSiiPrS NOTES Ai*D COMMENTS 


10* 


ejected the statement concerning the glacial waters 
Severing mountains. (For Prof. Wright’s subsidence 
tiswa see ante, pp. 12* 18.) 

3 The Phosphate beds of South Carolina contain 
forty to sixty per cent, of living species of shells, Dana 
preferring the age of the beds to the Pliocene. Thai 
would carry back their origin to preglacial times.. 

1'ii js Antiquitx of Man —We have noticed but little 
in the writings of the Fundamentalists that touchea 
the question of Prehistoric Man, together with the 
conclusions of archeologists and anthropologists on 
that subject. The matter as presented in high school 
books (without mentioning those of the college and 
university) is as destructive of one or more of th© 
tenets of the Fundamentalists as the hypothesis of 
Evolution is supposed to be. They are consistent i:^ 
objecting to such teachings, although apparently 
wary of openly opposing the matter as i/ apprehensive 
of incurring the contempt of the student class of the 
schools who, generally, aie disposed to stand by their 
books and their teachers, (p. 98) We ehould expect 
that what the schools are teaching in regard to earlv 
Man, so different from what the Bible teaches, would 
have elicited more attention than has been the case. 
Below are a few short excerpts from the writings ©f 
Fundamentalists on which comment ie made. 

“The poorest skulls known are not *orte ths.fi some modem 
skulls, and the Cro-MagDon man, who stands quite early in 
the series, bad a larger cranial capacity than the average 
modern man by more than a hundred cubic. ce.-t. outers. 

The main facts concerning prehistoric archeology 
have accumulated in such ap overwhelming array of 




Uti CBK ttOHOO*. AJfO XlOLOTfOB 


evidence that uu writer of scientific attanraents would 
now attempt to confute them, although they might 
question the claims drawn from a few of the ten thou* 
sand facts which constitute the material evidence in 
the case. This evidence has been classified for early 
man in Europe, nor would any archeologist call in 
question the reality of the series worked out for that 
continent, from Pre-Cbellean to the Mycenian Bronte 
Age where this prehistoric series ends. They might 
differ widely in opinion as to the duration of any of 
the prehistoric races, but would hardly dissent from 
the claim that the Neanderthal race lived some 50.000 
years ago. The brain capacity of ancient ekulls has 
less to do with the question than other criteria. Sea. 
pp. 49 and 50, top paragraphs. The statement that 
the Cro-Magnon (Magdalenitn) man stands quite early 
in the series is incorrect, free table, pp. 41*42. 

“It is interesting in this connection that Andrew Marti* 
Fairburn in his Philosophy of the Christian Religion asserts . 
that'the most of wbat the anthropologist tells qs of the life of 
prehistoric man is pure imagination.” 

“Many of the facts of the anthropologist are the creation of 
his own imagination simply, having no other foundation than 
his acceptance of the evolution hypothesis. The science of 
Geology is very largely built upon the assumed truth of this 
hypothesis.” 

These two statements being of & similar trend will bo 
considered together. Where such statementa-are made ' 
under the bias of some sectarian theological belief 
they are apt to be utterly worthless go far as the truth 
is concerned. Hugh Miller permitted bU theology 




*£CSrf^&.VOT80 AltO OU**tSJSnW 111 


hid better judgment whoa he maintained that Mai 
and the jrreat Pleistocene quadrupeds did not co exist 
Together. But they did so co-exist and Miller Irak 
Instead of making bald assertions for which 
ao ptooi is advanced, Fundamentalists would dobetteir 
to read "Men of the Old Stone Age," by Henry Fair- 
'deld Osborn, with numerous tables, maps and illus¬ 
trations. The two excerpts we have quoted read aa if 
based upon writings published over forty years ago, 
It should be remembered that prehistoric archeology 
is a progressive science, its criteria being constantly 
Augmented by discovery of new material facts. Any 
adverse opinions of thirty or forty years ago repeated 
in present times by the Fundamentalists, are simply 
worthless, (t was the progressiveness of prehistoric 
archeology that in the case of Southall's book that ha! 
been mentioned (p. 46), after a few years rendered 
that work of no authority-. 

“The evidence from archeology is overwhelming that whtt 
we call 'primitive man’ away back in the pre-biaterie time ef 
Noah, so far from being a savage, war a highly enlightened 
race.” 

The assertion of this writer involves a question of 
fact capable of being settled by an appeal to whht 
Archeology really does teach. The science knows no¬ 
thing about any such time as the 4 'pre-hietorie days of 
Noah,” neither does any school, college or university 
textbook recognise any such period of the past. 

“The longest time that the latest science allows betweei 

Adam and Noah is 8,000 years.”-Wright: “While the 

antiquity of man cannot be lets than ten thousand, it need 0 < 5 »t 
be move than fifteen thousand years* Eifcht thousand 




TH& 308 COL BOOrd &WX> JOfOLOTIOa 

\ . V * * 


(.4 




pri-tmtoric tims is ample to account for all the knowit^ 
£act? reUtmg to his development. ’■ 


development 


The late G. Frederick Wright of Oberlin, Ohio, waq 
a, religionist of some sort or other, presumably a Ooa- 
gregadonaliat. He wrote several books, some of them 
having a be&riBg on Science and the Bible. On this 
^object be held views that were peculiar to himself, 
that is, not shared aor endorsed by any other person 
of scientific authority, sure to render them obsolete in 
due time even if they gained any currency at all with 
the ill-informed. In 1901 he endeavored to connect 
ihe Bible story of the Flood with the GHcial period, 
something that Hitchcock bad boldly suggested in the 
early forties. This absurdity was later dropped by 
Prof. VVright since in 1918 we found him maintaining 
in the Sunday School Times that the Deluge was caus¬ 
ed by the rise of the Indian Ocean ever the land. 
Prof. Wright’s book on the “Origin and Antiquity of 
Man,” is of no authority except among the literalisms. 
Hie eight thousand years that lay back of the begin* 
aing of the historic period would carry one to a tim<s 
that was possibly Aurlgnacian in Enrop8, and several 
races are known to have occupied that continent an¬ 
terior to them, including the coming and going of the 
Fourth Glacial epoch. VVhen in science any writer 
has one eye on Genesis and the other on facts, his 
conclusions are apt to turn out uutrustworthy as has 
been shown in the past by numerous failures. 

At the point now reached we leave the subject of 
Prehistoric Man having no further quotations in haxuji 
coming from the Fundamentalists, but a few other,? 
can be noticed having a bearing on science in genera- 

r»‘ '■> L • * * .■}»' -v •> ' r 




KXCS&fr?* f*GT*i* A3«l> OOMMBSTfc 


11& 


First ia regard to their reasoning on the subject which) 
1* a f ter this fashion: If the earliest condition of the 
hitman race was one of primeval barbarism as the 
majority of scientists appear to believe, then there 
rotild have been no Garden of Eden and no Adam; no 
Adam, no Fall of Man; that granted, no atonement, na 
work of redemption needed. We say that is the rea¬ 
soning of 1 iteralists, and as based upon their assump¬ 
tions and viewpoint in the drat place, their reasonsing 
from religious motives, appearg logical. 

•'Recently [Dec. 192; | at a meeting of the American Asso¬ 
ciation for the Promotion of Science, Professor Bateson, the 
xaost noted biologist of England, said that the scientists mast 
give up the Darwinian theory of evolution; *It has not been 
established.' Forty years ago it would have been a remark¬ 
able thing for any scientist to have dared to make sack a 
statement. Not only does Professor Bateson make this state¬ 
ment, but many other noted scientists. The position of the 
leading scientists of to-day repudiates the Darwinian theory.'* 

It will be understood that the foregoing is *n ex¬ 
tract from what some Fundamentalist who could be 
named if need be, has said in print. Darwin’s theory 
of Natural Selection does not now count for much, 
but the position of Prof. Bateson at the Toronto meet¬ 
ing was that evolution is a fact, but its meehanism is 
in doubt; that is, biologists at present cannot explain 
the process by which one species has evolved into 
another species. “Let us then proclaim in precise and 
unmistakable language that our faith in evolution i& 
Unshaken. Every line of argument converges on this 
inevitable conclusion. The obscurantist has nothing 
to suggest which is worth a momept‘a attentipn.’* 




m 


IKE dOHOOL BOOXS AMD JC'f'OLUTIOH 


“Quite convincing to the learned (?) destructive critics, who 
can arrive at the age of the world by a bird track found on 9 
Sandstone, but to the mediocre such contention is mere twad- 

This writer simply exposes 1 is bigotry and igno¬ 
rance. No advocate of the higher criticism ever tried 
to calculate the age of the earth, which ia a geological 
or physical problem, from any such basis. The tracks 
left on slabs of Triassic sandstone of the Connecticut 
Valley which Hitchcock studied back in the thirties 
were rather from reptilian instead of bird forms of life. 
Later discoveries of footprints were made in Pennsyl¬ 
vania and elsewhere, and impressions of rain drops are 
also known to geologists as laid open to view in stone 
quarries. Said Hitchcock back in the early forties: 
“Nay, still more strange, is it, that even the pattering 
ofasbowerat that distant period, should have left 
marks equally distinct, and registered with infalible 
certainty, the direction of the wind !” 

There is one question relative to physical science 
concerning which we have met with no expressions of 
opinion coming from Fu ndamenta!ists, except this line 
quoted on page 110, “The science of Geology is very 
largely built upon the assumed truth of this hypoth¬ 
esis/' evidently meaning that the million facts of the 
geologist are as questionable as they hold those of 
the evolutionist to be. What, then, is the interpreta¬ 
tion that the Fundamentalists place upon the Bible 
account of Creation and in especial what meaning do 
they give to the word “day” in that narration? They 
appear to be careful not to inform any one outside n£ 




*j£.M iliars soixa 


lift 


$Iieir own cult. They claim that the Scriptures arfr 
’fffbally inspired and totally inerrant, or were so when 
originally written* To be strictly logical in regard t% 
fheir way of biblical interpretation they should main- 
rain a world no more than six thousand years old and 
areated out of nothing in six literal days. Indeed, 
that was the general belief during much of the first 
half of the nineteenth century or until that error was 
averthorwn by the advancement of knowledge. We 
presume that the better educated of the Fundamental^ 
ists ia rergad to physical matters allow themselves , 
some latitude of opinion. 

In 1875 James C. Southall said in the preface to hi* 
book, “The Recent Origin of Man” that he wished it 
to be distinctly understood that he did not call in 
question the geological antiquity of the earth the 
evidences being of a nature so ovarwhalcning that no 
intelligent theologian would any longer think of ques~ 
tioning that doctrine. 

“That God rested from his six days’ task of creation 
$004 years b. c. is so absurd that I have yet to meet a 
person of normal mind w^o believes in Archbishop’s 
TJsher’s chronology.’’—Edward W. Berry. 

There are some Fundamentalists who claim that the 

\ 

Bible in all its parts is fCiENTmoALLY correct, but 
here again we have mere assertion unaccompanied by 
any proof. It would, perhaps, be impossible to find 
any person you call a scientist who would agree to that 
proposition without qualifications and reservations, 
while the majority of scientists would deny that an 
exact agreement between the Bible and Science can be 
established, especially in tbf realm of Geology. Of 







SCHOOL. BOOKS ABO 1VOUJTIOB 


apologetic explanations that the religionist offers, 
tor this or that lack of agreement with scientific facts, 
the scientist does not consider them worthy of any 
attention. There is good reason for the apologetio 
excuse so often put forward, “The Bible was never 
intended for a text-book on Science.” 

To the Fundamentalists and some other religionists 
t |9 account of Creation in the first and second chapters 
uf Genesis, was written by Moses in the desert country 
sqath of Palestine. To a large and scholarly class of 
men and women the narration in question had qnite 
» different origin, the view put forward by the Higher 
Criticism, which postulates that there are two creation 
stories in Genesis, the second and shortest immediately 
following the first. Many present-day bibical scholars 
hold the view that the first account is a literary con* 
position of the Exile, or the lteturn, its nature being 
case precedent or to give a reason for the law of the, 
Sabbath, The second account, which in its details 14 
variant from the first, is a fragment of the document 
of the Unknown Historian mentioned pp. 80-81. 

There was in vogue during the last half of the nine¬ 
teenth century an interpretation of the narrative ef 
creation which made the word “day” a period of in¬ 
definite length. No biblical scholar now endorses 
that mode of reconciliation of Genesis with Geology, 
but in its time several scientists, such as J. D. Dana, 
Joseph LeConte and Alex. VViochell hesitatingly did 
so, endeavoring to co-ordinate the creative days with 
certain geological periods, at the same time assuming 
the role of apologists on account of a lack of exact 
harmony with the record that geology furnishes. Back 
in the middle eighties a controversy was carried on s 



K'XOStfPT* t:(JV4?S K*0 OONMaNTd 


m 


\*hile in a Loodou tnagagine by two Eogliah notables, 
Hdxley against Gladstone The latter in defense of 
tha “period” interpretation of the creative days main* 
coined that between the geological and Mosaical re¬ 
cords there was no disharmony, and by obscuring the 
order of the appearance of the animated part of crea¬ 
tion by the use of such terms as the water-population, 
the air-population, and the land-population consum¬ 
mated in man, he concluded there was agreement 
where others had found palpable discordance, and he 
added; “Now this same fourfold order is understood 
to have been so atfiamed in our time by natural science 
that it may be taken as a demonstrated conclusion 
and established fact.” Here Huxley growled out his 
dissent: “Now, what I want to make clear is this, 
that if the terras, ‘water-population/ ‘air-population* 
and ‘land-population,’ are understood in the senses 
here defined, natural science has nothing to say lit 
favor of the proposition that they succeeded one 
other in the order given by &Jr. Gladstone; but that, 
on the contrary, all the evidence we possess goes to 
prove that they did not.” 

The Flood legend in Genesis cannot satisfactorily bo 
reconciled with Modern Science and the intellectual 
classes no longer regard the narrative as historical, 
siuce they the more readily perceive the improbable 
ities, not to say impossibilities, with which it Is beset. 
The Fundamentalists in their literalism make no {At¬ 
tempt to defend the story unless in some crude way like 
what is quoted pp. 107 108 respecting the Glacial Pe L 
riod. There are also two authors in the flood story 
whose ideas and style are remarkably dietinot* Tbes$ 
same authors wrote the two creafcjoa stories,. 



THJC SCJflOOL BOOKS ASfi BVOUUTiOB 


c \ Q 
* i 3 

— f - —— ' - - ■■■■'■ ■ 1 ' w 

\ v 

Miscellaneous Excerpts- 

“Inevitable war!” “loavitablc separation 1” It is 
evident that when such terms can be found in the pub¬ 
lications of tbe Fundamentalists that something of a 
campaign has been designed and planned against some 
class or classes who think and believe in some respect# 
differently from themselves. One olass, it is quite 
plain, against whom they are deeply prejudiced, con¬ 
sists of the presidents, professors, and teaohers called 
-‘destructive critics 1 ’ who have gotten control of some 
of tbe theological colleges or universities. Really they 
are not critics, but advocates and believers in a certain 
method of inyestigatirg the Fcriptures, literary and 
historical, or the same as any other book is treated, 
the elsment of sacredness not being allowed any bias. 
Literary men everywhere would generally concede 
that the so-called “destructive critics” are a well-in¬ 
formed, intelligent and scholarly body of men and even 
include among their number some of the bishops. It 
is no disguised fact that the Fundamentalists wish 
these college men driven from the positions they now 
occupy and others of their own way of thinking install- 
in their places; consequently a clamor is kept up over 
the matter which also involves the studies and books 
used in these institutions. Tbe assailed professors do 
not appear to pay much attention to the attacks often 
made upon them but in conventions and conferences 
they are watchful and adroit and do not intend that 
their enemies, tbe literalists, shall unseat them from 
the positions .they are holding. Those who wish ta 
accomplish something of that sort hope to muster 
sufficient influence at tbe quedreriis! conference of 




sxo*apT8 mrats sjid ooi«g*»Te 


m 


the Methodist Church which convenes in Bpringfield, 
Mass., is 1924, to have drastic legislation passed upor* 
the heretical professors that will drive them out from 
the positions they occupy in the theological schools. 

The General Conference of the Methodist Cburel\ 
Jouth was held at Hot Springs, Ark., in May, 1922. 
Relegates were there from foreign parte. Inasmuch 
as nothing was accomplished there on southern soil to 
she detriment of the alleged higher critics and their 
tenure of the positions held by them, much less can 
any thing of the kind be accomplished in a norther* 
environment amidst the educational atmosphere of 
New England. In any event, the bishops seem to be 
very averse to allowing any conference to become 
house divided against itself.*’ It is becoming evident 
too that the press of the country has no sympathy with 
either Bible literalism cr heresy hunting. 

By inevitable separation the Fundamentalists are to 
be understood as meaning that if the conference fai}^ 
to right matters in the denominational schools to their 
liking they will separate from the main body of thg 
Church and form a full-fledged sect of their own wit^ 
preachere of their own. Where numerous enough to 
form local bodies they already have their paiseioo 
buildings, preachers, presidents, etc., and call tb4J&* 
•elves the “Laymens Holiness Association,” They 
oharge the Methodist Church in particular with having 
exchanged the teachings of Wesley for worldliness 
and are criminally indifferent tl rfgard to the teach¬ 
ing of the New Theology in the colleges, so that if it 
comes to a separation they threaten to have no farther 
fellowship with its members, nor with those of 
thinking is other denomingtipus. 






ra* 487 091. 300X3 AWD XTOLCTTIOS 




It baa been imagined by literalista that if the critic* 
were to dra^ up a creed or declaration of non-belief 
in certain dogmas it would read much as follower 

“We steadfastly believe that Moses did not write 
the Pentateuch; that the laws laid down in this great 
collection of books are mostly fiction and folk lore; 
that it should have no place in the faith or religious 
rife of the people to-day. We steadfastly believe that 
the prophets of the Old Testament Scriptures had 
no knowledge, conception or thought of Jesus Christ 
when they wrote their prophetic messages, but were, 
simply exhorting their peeple and speaking without 
inspiration as the statesmen of any country to-day. 
We steadfast do not believe in the inspiration of the 
Book of Jonah, or of Daniel. We steadfastly do not. 
believe that an angel appeared unto the Virgin Mary 
promising her that the Holy Ghost would come upon 
' her with power and that she should conceive and bring 
forth the Son of God, the World’s Redeemer. We 
steadfastly do not believe that Matthew cr Luke wrote 
the truth when they tell the story ot the divine con¬ 
ception and Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ; neither do 
we believe the disciples of Jesus Christ wrote the truth 
‘ when they tell of the bodily resurrection of Christ. 
We steadfastly do not believe in the necessity of the 
sacrificial death and atonement of the 8on of God. 
We seriously doubt if there is a personal devil. We 
have given up any belief in the existence of a hell; 
the new birth is not a necessity, and entire sanctifica¬ 
tion from sin is an impossiblity.” 

We would not guarantee that actual disbelief in all 
of the dogmas mentioned above is a characteristic of. 
theological college professors; yet isolated pfifs§£iB 



!?$*>**s\tw a»jo oomaiaii^ 


m 


from books published by some of them in the last tea 
or more years may give that impression. That many 
of these teachers hold views that before the Civil war 
they could not have held long and retained their posi¬ 
tions, may freely be admitted; in fact, it was not until 
well on toward the close of the nineteenth century that 
2 *uch of any thing was heard about heresy, either i$ 
connection with college or pulpit. 

Quite a list of dogmas, most all of them from the Old 
Testament, might also be made out designating what 
scientists do not believe. In recent years W. J. Bryap 
has had much to say in regard to skepticism in educa¬ 
tional institutions, in line with the excerpt below: 

“Many of these teachers are atheists and do aot 
believe in either a pergonal God or a personal immor¬ 
tality, as Professor I.euba of Bryn Mawr University 
shows in his bock ‘Belief in God and Immortality/ 
Leuba has himself rejected belief in a personal God 
and belief in immortality, and presents evidence to 
show that a majority of prominent scientists agree 
with him." 

On another occasion Bryan charged the president of 
the University of Wigcongin with being an atheist. 
This charge being flatly denied, Bryan next requested 
the attitude or belief of the university president In 
regard to a number of theological dogmas. His reply 
to this sort of heresy hunting was to the effect that he 
had lived in Wisconsin for up wsrd of fifty years and 
in all that time no citizen of the state had ever inquir¬ 
ed of him anything concerning such matters, therefore 
he did not propose to answer personal questions gi 
that kind at this late day. 




THK SCHOOL BOO &A. xiID KYOLOTI02V 


Ifl 


Iq regard to charges made by Bryan and others that 
the educational institutions are turning out agnostict 
juk! atheists, or that such beliefs are inculcated therein, 
Herbert E. Hawkes, Dean of the Columbia University, 
is quoted by the Literary Digest as saying: “No on* 

all familiar with American colleges believes such a 
statement, which appeals merely to the ignorant. 
Such extravagrant eharges have been frequently, 
brought against American universities in the past, and 
i presume will be brought in the future. I can not 
bring myself to believe that, because such assertious 
are made and are accepted by the ignorant, serious 
denials of them are required.” 

Hugh Miller asserted that there were such mental 
phases as “cycles of nonsense,” which, did occasion 
arise, would reappear in some later gereraticn, the 
second appearing having less intelliger.ee behind it 
than the first. We have alluded to a controversy over 
the age of the earth which followed in the wake of the 
publication of Lyell’s “Principies of Geology” in the 
early thirties and lasted into the late fifties. Now 
the assailants of the geologists of those times used in 
books, pamphlets snd newspapers, end in religious 
publications, either the same or kindred terms against 
them that the Fundamentalist writers do to-day in 
ppposition to evolution, the higher criticism or in 
relation to college professors. As late as 1853 an 
English clergyman who published a pamphlet against, 
geologists, said of their science that it “has not a single 
valid argument to support it.” How often has the 
same expression been used against the doctrine of ev¬ 
olution. The application of sotpe other terms used by 



iOLOaitPTS guilts A»i> OOMittBNTS 

■* ■ I ■ s.'hj- v. - 


12 $ 


»h? satS-geologists of Lyell’a time to ^oaae present day 
ipen and questions needs no further explanation : 

* ** • < ' v v * \ 

Blasphemer*. 

infidel philosophers. 

They desire to discredit the Bible. 

Geology has the devil for its author. 

The hohkid blasphemies of geologists. 

The puffed up geologist who imagines himself wise* 
|han God. 

The churches, it is said, must come in for their share 
of blame for skepticism alleged to be developed among 
the students of the schools and eolleges. Certain 
methods of teaching in the churches and in Sunday 
schools that had long been prevaleut were kept up 
because that was thought to be the safest way. But 
it did not follow that such was the case. Meanwhile 

» ‘ 4 

the public schools kept advancing and certain of the 
text books used began making use of the later teach¬ 
ings of modern science, which, more and more began 
coming into conflict with those of the Sunday school. 
In general, the churches did nothing to meet this 
growing menace to faith and apparently were not 
aware that danger existed. The following items illus¬ 
trate the dangers that !qrk in persisting in an over? 
strong literalism where the young are concerned. 

“On Sunday they attend church and on Monday they 
visit the Museum of Natural History, where they see 
vivedly pictured the ascent of tran from the simplest 
forms of animal life. They read their Bibles and their 
books on science. And to these young people the Fund* 
amentalists presents the dread alternative: ‘Science 
or the Bible—you cannot believe both.’ Then mind anti 




It "V A 


THE SCHOOL *0O£8 42»D BVOLt*VC3 


Saar; are rent asunder and faith is often wrecked 

b&yoad ri 3 iir.” 

’'Religion must realise that children are taught the* 
inexorability of physical laws five days of the week 
and authoritative research fills the newspapers 365 
days of the year.” 

The Fundamentalists say repeatedly in their sketches 
that the great need of present times is a sweeping, 
nation-wide revival of religion. Doubtless the nation 
as well as communities is in need of reforms. But the 
kind of revival that the Fundamentalists sometimes 
picture to their minds, seems hardly attainable. The 
country now has become a cosmopolitan mixture o* 
peoples with different traditional opinions and religi¬ 
ous beliefs or none at all. In its intellectual growth 
the nation is not now in the psyobic stage that it was 
in the time of the great community revivals of long 
ago. The flood of literature obtainable now, together 
with amusements and numerous social functions have 
a tendency to eliminate the contemplation of religious 
topics from the minds of the masses. Well educated 
.church people do not now regard the Bible in the same 
light that their fathers did fifty years ago. Evidently 
the masses of city dwellers do not furnish material* 
for revivals. “In the great cities thousands of child¬ 
ren are gathered on the Sabbath into places where 
they are taught that there is no God; that man has no 
soul; that Christ is a myth, and religion a delusion. ,fc 
On the whole we do uot think that a wide-spread revi¬ 
val spirit is likely to manifest itself in thtj country. 


LR&Ap A 





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